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      [Author/Institution]. [Year]. Norway’s Eighth National Communication. [Publisher]. https://www.regjeringen.no/en/documents/norways-eighth-national-communication/id2971116/

    Norway’s Eighth National Communication

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    • 1 Executive summary
      • 1.1 National circumstances
      • 1.2 Greenhouse gas inventory information
      • 1.3 Policies and measures
      • 1.4 Projections and the total effect of policies and measures
      • 1.5 Vulnerability assessment, climate change impacts and adaptation measures
      • 1.6 Research and systematic observation
      • 1.7 Financial resources and transfer of technology
      • 1.8 Education, training and public awareness
    • 2 National circumstances relevant to greenhouse gas emissions and removals
      • 2.1 Government structure
      • 2.2 Population profile
      • 2.3 Economic profile
      • 2.4 Geographic profile
      • 2.5 Climate profile
        • 2.5.1 Temperature trends
          • 2.5.1.1 Precipitation trends
          • 2.5.1.2 Changes since the previous normal period
          • 2.5.1.3 Svalbard
      • 2.6 Energy
        • 2.6.1 Energy use and electricity production
        • 2.6.2 Petroleum sector
      • 2.7 Transportation
      • 2.8 Industry
      • 2.9 Waste
      • 2.10 Building stock and urban structure
      • 2.11 Agriculture
      • 2.12 Forest
      • 2.13 Other circumstances
    • 3 Greenhouse gas inventory information, including information on national systems and national registries
      • 3.1 Summary tables
      • 3.2 Descriptive summary
        • 3.2.1 Overview
          • 3.2.1.1 Emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2 )
          • 3.2.1.2 Emissions of methane (CH4 )
          • 3.2.1.3 Emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O)
          • 3.2.1.4 Emissions of perfluorochemicals (PFCs)
          • 3.2.1.5 Emissions of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6 )
          • 3.2.1.6 Emissions of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
          • 3.2.1.7 International bunkers
      • 3.3 National system / national inventory arrangements
      • 3.4 National registry
    • 4 Policies and measures
      • 4.1 Policymaking process
        • 4.1.1 Overview
          • 4.1.1.1 NDC for 2030
          • 4.1.1.2 Transition target for 2030
          • 4.1.1.3 Climate neutrality by 2030
          • 4.1.1.4 Low-emission society by 2050
        • 4.1.2 Policy instruments
        • 4.1.3 Responsibilities for the different institutions
        • 4.1.4 Assessment of the economic and social consequences of response measures (and minimisation of adverse impacts)
      • 4.2 Domestic and regional programmes and/or legislative arrangements and enforcement and administrative procedures
        • 4.2.1 Domestic and regional legislative arrangements and enforcements
        • 4.2.2 Provisions to make information publicly accessible
      • 4.3 Policies and measures and their effects
        • 4.3.1 Introduction
        • 4.3.2 The Norwegian system of carbon pricing
          • 4.3.2.1 Introduction
          • 4.3.2.2 The Norwegian tax scheme on emissions of GHGs under the ESR
          • 4.3.2.3 Tax on waste incineration
          • 4.3.2.4 Tax and reimbursement scheme on HFC and PFC
          • 4.3.2.5 Emission trading (onshore)
        • 4.3.3 Other Cross-sectoral policies and measures
          • 4.3.3.1 Regulation by the Pollution Control Act
          • 4.3.3.2 The Planning and Building Act
          • 4.3.3.3 Enova
          • 4.3.3.4 Klimasats
          • (ingen tittel)
          • 4.3.3.6 Nysnø Klimainvesteringer AS (Nysnø)
        • 4.3.4 Petroleum Sector
          • 4.3.4.1 General policy instruments
          • 4.3.4.2 Climate policies that affect the petroleum sector
          • 4.3.4.3 Indirect CO2 emissions from offshore and onshore NMVOC regulation
        • 4.3.5 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
          • 4.3.5.1 CO2 Technology Centre Mongstad (TCM)
          • 4.3.5.2 Research and technology development
          • 4.3.5.3 Large-scale CCS
          • 4.3.5.4 International support and activities
        • 4.3.6 Energy and transformation industries
          • 4.3.6.1 Electricity tax
          • 4.3.6.2 Base tax on mineral oils etc.
          • 4.3.6.3 Electricity Certificate Act
          • 4.3.6.4 Energy requirements in the building code
          • 4.3.6.5 Ban on the use of mineral oil for heating of buildings from 2020 and house construction sites from 2022
          • 4.3.6.6 Renewable Scheme
        • 4.3.7 Transport
          • 4.3.7.1 Introduction
          • 4.3.7.2 Taxes and regulations affecting emissions from road transport
          • 4.3.7.3 CO2-tax on domestic aviation under the EU-ETS
          • 4.3.7.4 Blending mandate for advanced jet biofuel in aviation
          • 4.3.7.5 Pilot projects for fossil free construction sites
          • 4.3.7.6 Urban growth agreements and reward schemes for public transport.
          • 4.3.7.7 Green shipping
          • 4.3.7.8 Investments in railways
          • 4.3.7.9 Enova
          • 4.3.7.10 International transport
        • 4.3.8 Industry
          • 4.3.8.1 Introduction
          • 4.3.8.2 Arrangement to reduce emissions in the processing industry, 2004
          • 4.3.8.3 Arrangement to reduce emissions in the processing industry, 2009
          • 4.3.8.4 CO2 compensation scheme
          • 4.3.8.5 Use of bio carbon in the production of cement and ferroalloys
          • 4.3.8.6 N2O reduction, production of nitric acid
          • 4.3.8.7 Agreement with the aluminium industry
          • 4.3.8.8 Agreement on SF6 reductions from use and production of GIS
          • 4.3.8.9 F-gas regulations and the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol
        • 4.3.9 Agriculture
          • 4.3.9.1 Policy development in co-operation with farmers and stakeholders
          • 4.3.9.2 Regional agri-environmental programmes
          • 4.3.9.3 Requirements and support for livestock on pasture
          • 4.3.9.4 Support scheme for Special Environmental Measures in Agriculture
          • 4.3.9.5 Drainage of agricultural soils
          • 4.3.9.6 Project Climate Smart Agriculture
          • 4.3.9.7 Climate and environment programme
          • 4.3.9.8 Delivery of manure for production of biogas
          • 4.3.9.9 Restrictions on cultivation of peatlands
        • 4.3.10 Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry
          • 4.3.10.1 Introduction
          • 4.3.10.2 Policies and measures in the LULUCF sector
          • 4.3.10.3 Higher seedling densities in existing areas of forest land
          • 4.3.10.4 Genetical improvement, plant breeding
          • 4.3.10.5 Fertilization of forest as a climate mitigation measure
          • 4.3.10.6 Afforestation
          • 4.3.10.7 Tending of juvenile stands
          • 4.3.10.8 Measures to reduce damage from root-rot
          • 4.3.10.9 Regeneration with proper tree-species
          • 4.3.10.10 Threshold for tree-stand age by harvesting
          • 4.3.10.11 Reduced emissions from peatlands and bogs
          • 4.3.10.12 New policies and measures
        • 4.3.11 Waste
          • 4.3.11.1 Introduction
          • 4.3.11.2 Requirement to collect landfill gas
          • 4.3.11.3 Ban on depositing biodegradable waste in landfills
          • 4.3.11.4 Other measures in the waste sector
      • 4.4 Policies and measures no longer in place
    • 5 Projections and total effect of policies and measures
      • 5.1 Introduction
      • 5.2 The baseline scenario
        • 5.2.1 Details of the estimates
        • 5.2.2 Other emissions
        • 5.2.3 Fuel sold to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport
      • 5.3 Uncertainty
      • 5.4 Methods and models
        • 5.4.1 The SNOW-model
          • 5.4.1.0.1 GHG emissions from the petroleum sector
          • 5.4.1.0.2 GHG emissions from road traffic
          • 5.4.1.0.3 Agriculture sector
          • 5.4.1.0.4 Solid waste disposal
          • 5.4.1.0.5 Emissions of N2O, PFCs and SF6 from industrial processes and product use
    • 5.5 Projections of the LULUCF sector
      • 5.5.1 Method and assumptions
      • 5.5.2 Projections
      • 5.5.3 Sensitivity analyses for LULUCF
    • 5.6 Main differences in projections between current and previous report
    • 5.7 Assessment of aggregate effects of policies and measures
    • 5.8 Supplementarity relating to mechanisms under Articles 6, 12 and 17, of the Kyoto Protocol
    • 6 Vulnerability assessment, climate change impacts and adaptation measures
      • 6.1 Summary
      • 6.2 Climate modelling, projections and scenarios
        • 6.2.1 Climate change on the Norwegian mainland
          • 6.2.1.1 Introduction
          • 6.2.1.2 Air temperature
          • 6.2.1.3 Growing season
          • 6.2.1.4 Days with zero crossings
          • 6.2.1.5 Precipitation
          • 6.2.1.6 Wind speed
          • 6.2.1.7 Runoff, floods and droughts
          • 6.2.1.8 Landslides and avalanches
          • 6.2.1.9 Glaciers
          • 6.2.1.10 Sea level rise and storm surges
        • 6.2.2 Climate change in Norwegian waters
          • 6.2.2.1 Introduction
          • 6.2.2.2 Ocean sea temperature and acidification
          • 6.2.2.3 Coastal sea temperature and acidification
      • 6.3 Vulnerability to climate change and expected impacts on society and nature
        • 6.3.1 Introduction
        • 6.3.2 Nature and ecosystems
          • 6.3.2.1 Terrestrial ecosystems
          • 6.3.2.2 Fresh water ecosystems
          • 6.3.2.3 Marine ecosystems
        • 6.3.3 Human life and health
          • 6.3.3.1 Civil protection and emergency planning
          • 6.3.3.2 Health
          • 6.3.3.3 Infrastructure and buildings
          • 6.3.3.4 Transport
          • 6.3.3.5 Water and wastewater systems
          • 6.3.3.6 Urban storm water
          • 6.3.3.7 Power supply
          • 6.3.3.8 Cultural heritage
        • 6.3.4 Businesses and other industries
          • 6.3.4.1 Introduction
          • 6.3.4.2 Agriculture, forestry and reindeer husbandry
          • 6.3.4.3 Fisheries and aquaculture
          • 6.3.4.4 Petroleum production
          • 6.3.4.5 Climate risk and the Norwegian economy
          • 6.3.4.6 Insurance
      • 6.4 Adaptation measures
        • 6.4.1 Domestic adaptation policies and strategies
          • 6.4.1.1 The national climate change adaptation strategy
          • 6.4.1.2 Climate change adaptation in other policy documents
          • 6.4.1.3 Legislation relevant to climate change adaptation
        • 6.4.2 Monitoring, reporting and evaluation
        • 6.4.3 Roles and responsibilities
          • 6.4.3.1 National level
          • 6.4.3.2 Regional level
          • 6.4.3.3 Local level
        • 6.4.4 Implementations and actions
          • 6.4.4.1 Research
          • 6.4.4.2 Information, capacity building and education
          • 6.4.4.3 Financial support to county councils and municipalities
          • 6.4.4.4 Networks and cooperation
          • 6.4.4.5 Risk reduction and natural hazard management
          • 6.4.4.6 Environment, nature and ecosystems
          • 6.4.4.7 Human life and health
          • 6.4.4.8 Infrastructure and buildings
          • 6.4.4.9 Businesses and industries
      • 6.5
      • 6.6 The Norwegian Arctic
        • 6.6.1 Introduction
        • 6.6.2 Climate change in the Norwegian Arctic
          • 6.6.2.1 Air and sea temperature
          • 6.6.2.2 Precipitation
          • 6.6.2.3 Permafrost
          • 6.6.2.4 Sea level rise
          • 6.6.2.5 Snow and glaciers
          • 6.6.2.6 Runoff
          • 6.6.2.7 Floods
        • 6.6.3 Vulnerability to climate change and expected impacts on biodiversity and natural ecosystems
        • 6.6.4 Vulnerability to climate change and expected impacts on society
        • 6.6.5 Adaptation measures
          • 6.6.5.1 Ecosystems
          • 6.6.5.2 Human activities and settlements
          • 6.6.5.3 Cultural heritage
          • 6.6.5.4 Emergency preparedness
          • 6.6.5.5 International cooperation
    • 7 Financial resources and transfer of technology, including information under articles 10 and 11 of the Kyoto Protocol
      • 7.1 Finance
        • 7.1.1 Provision of ‘new and additional’ financial resources
        • 7.1.2 Assistance to developing country Parties that are particularly vulnerable to climate change
        • 7.1.3 Provision of financial resources, including financial resources under Article 11 of the Kyoto Protocol
          • 7.1.3.1 Measuring public climate finance
        • (ingen tittel)
        • 7.1.5 Core contributions to multilateral institutions
          • 7.1.5.1 Global Environment Facility
          • 7.1.5.2 The Green Climate Fund
          • 7.1.5.3 Adaptation Fund
          • 7.1.5.4 Earmarked contributions
        • 7.1.6 Bilateral cooperation in selected countries
          • 7.1.6.1 Ethiopia
          • 7.1.6.2 Malawi
          • 7.1.6.3 Tanzania
        • 7.1.7 The Government of Norway´s International Climate and Forest Initiative
          • 7.1.7.1 Transparency, civil society and private sector
          • 7.1.7.2 Bilateral partnerships
          • 7.1.7.3 Multilateral collaboration
        • 7.1.8 Norwegian earmarked support to adaptation
          • 7.1.8.1 UNISDR / UNDRR
          • 7.1.8.2 Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR)
          • 7.1.8.3 International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD)
          • 7.1.8.4 Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS)
        • 7.1.9 Norwegian Assistance to Renewable Energy
          • 7.1.9.1 Bilateral partnerships
          • 7.1.9.2 Multilateral partnerships
      • 7.2 Technology development and transfer
        • 7.2.1 Support to the Technology mechanism
        • 7.2.2 Private Finance Advisory Network (PFAN, UNIDO)
        • 7.2.3 The Clean Energy Ministerial
        • 7.2.4 Mission Innovation
        • 7.2.5 International support and activities related to carbon capture and storage
          • 7.2.5.1 The Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum
          • 7.2.5.2 CO2 Technology Centre Mongstad (TCM)
      • 7.3 Capacity building
        • 7.3.1 UNFCCC Secretariat
        • 7.3.2 Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS)
        • 7.3.3 Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants (CCAC)
        • 7.3.4 The Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
        • 7.3.5 The UN Partnership for Action on the Green Economy (PAGE)
        • 7.3.6 The Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI)
        • 7.3.7 Fossil fuel subsidies reform. Global Subsidies Initiative.
    • 8 Research and systematic observation
      • 8.1 General policy on and funding of research and systematic observation
      • 8.2 The Research Council of Norway
      • 8.3 Research
        • 8.3.1 Research and innovation programmes under the research council
          • 8.3.1.1 Climate research
          • 8.3.1.2 Energy research
          • 8.3.1.3 CO2 capture and storage
          • 8.3.1.4 The Green Platform Initiative
          • 8.3.1.5 Polar research
          • 8.3.1.6 Environmental Research for a Green Transition
          • 8.3.1.7 Marine research
          • 8.3.1.8 Land-based food, the environment and bioresources
          • 8.3.1.9 Circular economy
          • 8.3.1.10 Norway – Global Partner
        • 8.3.2 Research infrastructure
      • 8.4 Systematic observation
        • 8.4.1 Meteorological and atmospheric observations
        • 8.4.2 Oceanographic observations
        • 8.4.3 Sea level observations
        • 8.4.4 Terrestrial observations
          • 8.4.4.1 Existing national plans
        • 8.4.5 Cryosphere climate observing systems
        • 8.4.6 Space based observing programmes
          • 8.4.6.1 Introduction
          • 8.4.6.2 Using satellites in climate and environmental monitoring
          • 8.4.6.3 Geodesic Earth observations
      • 8.5 Actions taken to support capacity-building related to research and systematic observations in developing countries
      • 8.6 Opportunities for and barriers to free and open international exchange of data and information
    • 9 Education, training and public awareness
      • 9.1 Introduction
      • 9.2 Education
        • 9.2.1 Early Childhood Education and Care
        • 9.2.2 Primary and Secondary Education
        • 9.2.3 Higher education
      • 9.3 Information
        • 9.3.1 Generation Green – Climate Ambassadors
        • 9.3.2 The Environmental Information Act
        • 9.3.3 Public websites
        • 9.3.4 Statistics and guidance material to counties and municipalities
        • 9.3.5 Consumer information
      • 9.4 Public procurement policies
      • 9.5 Resource and information centres
      • 9.6 Participation in international activities
      • 9.7 Involvement of the public and non-governmental organisations
      • 9.8 Monitoring, review and evaluation of the implementation of article 6 of the convention
    • 10 Annex
      • 10.1 Annex I. Summary tables on emission trends
      • 10.2 Annex II. Summary of reporting of supplementary information under Article 7, paragraph 2, of the Kyoto Protocol.
      • 10.3 Annex III. Norway’s fifth Biennial Report under the Framework Convention on Climate Change
    • Annex IV. List of acronyms

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