Norway’s Eighth National Communication

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7 Financial resources and transfer of technology, including information under articles 10 and 11 of the Kyoto Protocol

The impacts of climate change are increasingly visible and felt around the world, especially in developing countries who are the most severely affected and the least equipped to respond to its consequences. The poorest and most vulnerable communities are experiencing the effects of climate change through extreme weather events such as floods, drought, hurricanes and sea level rise. Climate change has the potential to reverse significant development gains made in developing countries. Norway recognises the critical need for support to developing countries with respect to both climate mitigation and adaptation. In the period 2019–2020 Norway has continued to provide a wide range of financial, technological and capacity-building support to developing country Parties in order to build their capacity to reduce carbon emissions and to support adaptation to take action against the negative effects of climate change.

7.1 Finance

Table 7.1 presents total figures of Norwegian public climate finance. The Norwegian public climate finance amounted to USD 734 million (NOK 6 459 million) in 2019 and USD 706 million (NOK 6 646 million) in 2020.

The majority of Norwegian climate finance is earmarked support, including bilateral contributions and earmarked contributions through multilateral institutions. The earmarked contributions amounted to USD 582 million (NOK 5 122 million) in 2019 and USD 489 million (NOK 4 607 million) in 2020. The estimated climate specific share of core support to multilateral organisations (imputed multilateral core contributions) amounted to USD 152 million (NOK 1 337 million) and USD 217 million (NOK 2 039 million) in 2019 and 2020, respectively.

The earmarked contributions targeting climate change are separated into three categories: adaptation (only), mitigation (only) and cross-cutting (both adaptation and mitigation). In 2020, USD 67 million (NOK 626 million) was targeting climate change adaptation only (14 per cent of total earmarked support), USD 373 million (NOK 3 513 million) targeting climate change mitigation only (76 per cent of total earmarked support), and USD 50 million (NOK 468 million) was cross-cutting support (10 per cent of total earmarked support).

In addition to the public climate financing, these interventions mobilised private climate relevant investments in developing countries. The private finance mobilised amounted to USD 16 million (NOK 145 million) in 2019 and USD 33 million (NOK 313 million) in 2020.

7.1.1 Provision of ‘new and additional’ financial resources

The overall objective of Norwegian development cooperation is to fight poverty, save lives and alleviate suffering, in accordance with the humanitarian imperative. The strong inter-linkages between climate change and development have been emphasised, as well as the linkages between the Paris agreement, the Sustainable Development Goals and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.

There is no internationally agreed definition of what constitutes “new and additional” resources under Article 4.3 under the Convention. One frequently used definition, supported by many countries, is that climate financing should be additional to the international development aid goal of 0.7 per cent of gross national income. Norwegian total ODA has exceeded 0.7 per cent of Gross National Income (GNI) for many years, and oscillated around 1 per cent. According to the definition above, Norway’s climate finance could be viewed as new and additional. The volume of the Norwegian ODA budget has steadily increased as the economy has been growing.

Furthermore, as is underlined in the 2030 agenda, we acknowledge the importance of taking into account the three dimensions (social, economic and environmental) of sustainable development. Well-designed actions can produce multiple local and global benefits, including those related to climate change. Efforts are being made, where relevant, to integrate climate change concerns into all our development efforts. This is not always captured in the report or in the numbers. It is sometimes difficult to single out assistance for adaptation from more general development assistance, which often also contributes to improving resilience to climatechange.

Table 7.1 Provision of public financial support, 2019–2020.

	2019		2020
Type of assistance	NOK mill	USD mill	NOK mill	USD mill
Earmarked contributions
Adaptation only	464	53	626	67
Mitigation only	4 205	478	3 513	373
Cross-cutting	453	51	468	50
Total earmarked contributions	5 122	582	4 607	489
Imputed multilateral contributions	1 337	152	2 039	217
Total	6 459	734	6 646	706

7.1.2 Assistance to developing country Parties that are particularly vulnerable to climate change

Norwegian funding prioritises support to reducing vulnerability and developing robust societies. The main recipients of Norwegian bilateral climate finance are least developed countries, except for Norway’s International Climate and Forest Initiative. Regarding Norwegian multilateral climate finance, the main channel is the Green Climate Fund (GCF).

7.1.3 Provision of financial resources, including financial resources under Article 11 of the Kyoto Protocol

7.1.3.1 Measuring public climate finance

The monitoring of Norwegian development finance targeting the objectives of the United Nations framework convention for climate change (UNFCCC) is based on the OECD Development Assistance Committee’s (DAC) reporting system (CRS). We use DAC purpose codes for sector classifications. Norwegian development climate finance includes climate-related official development assistance (ODA) and other official flows (OOF).

The OOF activities are interventions by Norfund providing equity, loans and guarantees to companies operating in challenging markets in developing countries. Norfund’s outflows are reported to the OECD DAC as OOF to avoid double counting as the funding that Norfund receives through the State budget is reported as ODA, in accordance with the institutional approach for ODA reporting of private sector instruments.

The tracking of Norwegian development finance targeting climate change is separated into earmarked contributions and imputed multilateral core contributions. Below we describe these methodologies as well as the tracking of private climate finance mobilised by official development interventions.

The amounts reported are gross disbursements during the year reported for, meaning that inflows (e.g. repayments, sales) are not reported as negative disbursements. These negative disbursements amounted to USD 16.5 million in 2019 and USD 22.9 million in 2020. The amounts are reported in NOK and USD based on average exchange rates (NOK-USD): 2019: 8.7986 and 2020: 9.4132.

Earmarked contributions

Earmarked contributions are support through bilateral and multilateral channels. Norway monitors earmarked climate specific activities using the OECD DAC Rio Markers Climate change adaptation and Climate change mitigation. The Rio Markers identify development activities targeting climate change (adaptation and/or mitigation), and whether targeting climate change is a principal or significant objective.

Contributions to activities targeting climate change as a principal objective are reported as 100 per cent climate finance, and the full amount disbursed counted. As a conservative estimate, and in line with other major donors, 40 per cent of the support to activities with a significant climate change objective is reported as climate finance. Contributions to cross-cutting activities targeting both climate change adaptation and mitigation are reported as 40 per cent climate finance if neither adaptation nor mitigation are principal project objectives. Consequently, the earmarked contributions targeting climate change objectives are approximations.

All earmarked climate financing is reported in Table 7.6 and 7.7, including earmarked contributions through multilateral institutions. The earmarked contributions through multilateral institutions are included in Table 7.6 and 7.7 (instead of 7.4 and 7.5) for transparency, as these contributions can be disaggregated by region/country and/or sector.

In table 7.6 and 7.7, we report aggregates by the type of support (adaptation/mitigation/cross-cutting) for each recipient country/region to limit the table sizes printed in the report. The information on financial instruments is grouped into grants and PSI (a group of different types of private sector instruments). However, in the online CTF submission we report granular information for each in activity (including financial instrument), and we include the OECD CRS ID in the Additional information column to ensure full transparency on the connection between each development finance intervention reported to the OECD DAC and the reported public climate finance.

Norwegian climate-specific ODA to Ukraine is excluded from the reporting as Ukraine is an Annex 1 country.

When referring to support for specific programmes, partners and activities (outside the standardised tables), the amounts are total disbursements regardless of climate relevance (if not specified).

Multilateral core contributions

We report estimates of Norwegian climate specific core contributions to multilateral institutions. These estimates – imputed climate-specific multilateral ODA – are calculated and published by the OECD. This methodology makes it possible to impute multilateral aid outflows targeting climate change back to the donors of multilateral core contributions. By using this methodology, only the estimated climate-specific shares of multilateral core contributions are reported as climate finance.

The OECD methodology for calculating imputed multilateral core support for climate change is a two-step procedure: 1) The percentage of each multilateral agency’s total annual commitments to climate change objectives is calculated. This calculation is carried out only in respect of agencies’ commitments of grants or concessional (ODA) loans from core resources. 2) The calculated climate specific percentage is applied to the donor’s core contribution in the same year as to the organisation to estimate the imputed climate specific core contribution.

The imputed multilateral core contributions targeting climate change are not disaggregated by the type of support: adaptation, mitigation and cross-cutting. Therefore, the imputed multilateral core contributions are reported as Type of support = Other in Table 7.2 and 7.3. In table 7.4 and 7.5, these estimates are included in the column climate-specific, not in column core/general, as the estimate includes only the climate specific share of core contributions.

Imputed multilateral core support is not calculated for all multilateral institutions receiving core support, but for about 20 multilateral institutions per year. These agencies account for around 90 per cent of donor countries’ multilateral core contributions. Core contributions to other multilateral institutions are not included in the reporting as there are no official climate shares available.

Table 7.2 Provision of public financial support: summary information in 2019.

Allocation channels	2019
	Norwegian krone – NOK					USD
	Core/ general	Climate-specific				Core/ general	Climate-specific
	Core/ general	Mitigation	Adaptation	Cross-cutting	Other	Core/ general	Mitigation	Adaptation	Cross-cutting	Other
Total contributions through multilateral channels:					1 336 682 352,02					151 919 890,89
Multilateral climate change funds					609 829 338,80					69 309 815,06
Other multilateral climate change funds					32 711 438,80					3 717 800,42
Multilateral financial institutions, including regional development banks					647 089 865,97					73 544 639,60
Specialised United Nations bodies					79 763 147,25					9 065 436,23
Total contributions through bilateral, regional and other channels		4 205 445 674,32	464 034 043,06	452 616 194,54			477 967 594,20	52 739 531,64	51 441 842,40
Total		4 205 445 674,32	464 034 043,06	452 616 194,54	1 336 682 352,02		477 967 594,20	52 739 531,64	51 441 842,40	151 919 890,89

Table 7.3

Table 7.4 Provision of public financial support: summary information in 2020.

Allocation channels	2020
	Norwegian krone – NOK					USD
	Core/ general	Climate-specific				Core/ general	Climate-specific
	Core/ general	Mitigation	Adaptation	Cross-cutting	Other	Core/ general	Mitigation	Adaptation	Cross-cutting	Other
Total contributions through multilateral channels:					2 039 302 466,66					216 642 849,05
Multilateral climate change funds					1 187 376 171,58					126 139 481,96
Other multilateral climate change funds					28 417 971,58					3 018 949,09
Multilateral financial institutions, including regional development banks					796 646 055,62					84 630 737,22
Specialised United Nations bodies					55 280 239,46					5 872 629,87
Total contributions through bilateral, regional and other channels		3 513 000 570,15	626 078 852,43	468 014 627,46			373 199 397,67	66 510 735,18	49 718 972,02
Total		3 513 000 570,15	626 078 852,43	468 014 627,46	2 039 302 466,66		373 199 397,67	66 510 735,18	49 718 972,02	216 642 849,05

Table 7.5

Table 7.6 Provision of public financial support: contribution through multilateral channels in 2019.

Donor funding	Total amount				Status	Funding source	Financial instrument	Type of support	Sector
	Core/general		Climate-specific
	Norwegian krone – NOK	USD	Norwegian krone – NOK	USD
Total contributions through multilateral channels			1 336 682 352,02	151 919 890,89
Multilateral climate change funds			609 829 338,80	69 309 815,06
1. Global Environment Facility			108 293 900,00	12 308 083,10	Disbursed	ODA	Grant	Other	Not applicable
2. Least Developed Countries Fund
3. Special Climate Change Fund
4. Adaptation Fund			90 000 000,00	10 228 900,05	Disbursed	ODA	Grant	Other	Not applicable
5. Green Climate Fund			378 824 000,00	43 055 031,48	Disbursed	ODA	Grant	Other	Not applicable
6. UNFCCC Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities
7. Other multilateral climate change funds			32 711 438,80	3 717 800,42
SCF – Strategic Climate Fund
GGGI – Global Green Growth Institute			14 516 902,80	1 649 910,53	Disbursed	ODA	Grant	Other	Not applicable
Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol			18 194 536,00	2 067 889,89	Disbursed	ODA	Grant	Other	Not applicable
Multilateral financial institutions, including regional development banks			647 089 865,97	73 544 639,60
1. World Bank			354 002 720,00	40 233 982,68	Disbursed	ODA	Grant	Other	Not applicable
2. International Finance Corporation
3. African Development Bank			552 759,50	62 823,57	Disbursed	ODA	Grant	Other	Not applicable
4. Asian Development Bank
5. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
6. Inter-American Development Bank
7. Other			292 534 386,47	33 247 833,34
AFDF – African Development Fund			231 036 560,69	26 258 332,09	Disbursed	ODA	Grant	Other	Not applicable
AIIB – Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank			58 098 870,38	6 603 194,87	Disbursed	ODA	Grant	Other	Not applicable
IDB Invest			3 398 955,40	386 306,39	Disbursed	ODA	Grant	Other	Not applicable
Specialised United Nations bodies			79 763 147,25	9 065 436,23
1. United Nations Development Program
2. United Nations Environment Program
3. Other			79 763 147,25	9 065 436,23
IFAD – International Fund for Agricultural Development			44 295 600,00	5 034 391,84	Disbursed	ODA	Grant	Other	Not applicable
FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization			19 267 547,25	2 189 842,39	Disbursed	ODA	Grant	Other	Not applicable
UNFCCC – United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change			16 200 000,00	1 841 202,01	Disbursed	ODA	Grant	Other	Not applicable
IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

7.1.5 Core contributions to multilateral institutions

Table 7.4 and 7.5 provides OECD estimates of Norwegian climate specific core contributions to multilateral institutions, in total USD 152 million (NOK 1 337 million) in in 2019 and USD 217 million (NOK 2 039 million) in 2020.

As described in the methodology section 7.1.3.1, the imputed climate-specific core contributions reported does not give the total overview of Norwegian climate-specific core funding, as there are multilateral institutions where the climate-specific share of the core contributions is unknown. Examples of such multilateral institutions receiving core contributions from Norway are CGIAR (NOK 230 million in core contributions in 2019–2020), UNEP (NOK 27 million in core contributions in 2019–2020) and UNDP (NOK 1 110 million in core contributions in 2019–2020). Core contributions to these multilateral institutions are not included as climate financing.

In table 7.4 and 7.5, we have included the World Bank Group in the predefined category World bank, except for the IFC reported in the predefined category IFC.

Below the tables follows a description of support provided to some of these organisations. There might be discrepancies between the table figures and the narrative below, as only the climate specific amounts are included in the tables.

7.1.5.1 Global Environment Facility

The Norwegian government`s contribution to the Global Environment Facility (GEF) for the GEF-7 period 2018–2021 was NOK 520 million (USD 63 million). In GEF 7 the climate change focal area receives approximately 20,5 per cent of GEF resources. In addition, several multi focal area and integrated projects and programmes are introduced, mainly involving the focal areas of climate change, biodiversity and land degradation. As reported in table 7.4 and 7.5, Norway’s climate specific contribution to GEF was NOK 108 million (USD 11 million), in both 2019 and 2020.

7.1.5.2 The Green Climate Fund

The Green Climate Fund (GCF) was established to support the efforts of developing countries to respond to the challenge of climate change. GCF helps developing countries limit or reduce their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and adapt to climate change. It seeks to promote a paradigm shift to low-emission and climate-resilient development, taking into account the needs of nations that are particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts. Norway’s pledge to The Green Climate Fund for the period 2020–2023 (GCF 1) was NOK 3.6 billion (USD 417.48 million). As reported in table 7.3, Norway’s climate specific contribution to GCF was NOK 378 million in 2019 and NOK 1 000 million in 2020.

7.1.5.3 Adaptation Fund

Norway supported the Adaptation Fund with NOK 90 million (USD 10.9 million) in core support in 2019 and NOK 50 million (USD 6.1 million) in 2020. The Adaptation Fund was launched in December 2007 to finance concrete adaptation projects and programmes in developing country Parties to the Kyoto Protocol. The fund’s approach focuses on two main result areas: reducing vulnerability to the adverse impacts of climate change; and increasing adaptive capacity to cope with and address the adverse impacts of climate change.

7.1.5.4 Earmarked contributions

Table 7.6 and 7.7 provides a summary of public earmarked climate finance, in total USD 582 million (NOK 5 122 million) in 2019 and USD 489 million (NOK 4 607 million) in 2020. Section 7.1.3 describes the methodology and figures included in the tables.

Table 7.7 Provision of public financial support: contribution through multilateral channels in 2020.

Donor funding	Total amount				Status	Funding source	Financial instrument	Type of support	Sector
	Core/general		Climate-specific
	Norwegian krone – NOK	USD	Norwegian krone – NOK	USD
Total contributions through multilateral channels			2 039 302 466,66	216 642 849,05
Multilateral climate change funds			1 187 376 171,58	126 139 481,96
1. Global Environment Facility			108 958 200,00	11 575 043,56	Disbursed	ODA	Grant	Other	Not applicable
2. Least Developed Countries Fund
3. Special Climate Change Fund
4. Adaptation Fund			50 000 000,00	5 311 689,97	Disbursed	ODA	Grant	Other	Not applicable
5. Green Climate Fund			1 000 000 000,00	106 233 799,35	Disbursed	ODA	Grant	Other	Not applicable
6. UNFCCC Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities
7. Other multilateral climate change funds			28 417 971,58	3 018 949,09
SCF – Strategic Climate Fund
GGGI – Global Green Growth Institute			9 865 472,70	1 048 046,65	Disbursed	ODA	Grant	Other	Not applicable
Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol			18 552 498,88	1 970 902,44	Disbursed	ODA	Grant	Other	Not applicable
Multilateral financial institutions, including regional development banks			796 646 055,62	84 630 737,22
1. World Bank			450 968 810,60	47 908 130,14	Disbursed	ODA	Grant	Other	Not applicable
2. International Finance Corporation			19 090 560,00	2 028 062,72	Disbursed	ODA	Grant	Other	Not applicable
3. African Development Bank			31 614 682,33	3 358 547,82	Disbursed	ODA	Grant	Other	Not applicable
4. Asian Development Bank
5. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
6. Inter-American Development Bank
7. Other			294 972 002,69	31 335 996,55
AFDF – African Development Fund			254 741 196,10	27 062 125,11	Disbursed	ODA	Grant	Other	Not applicable
AIIB – Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank			35 337 840,66	3 754 073,07	Disbursed	ODA	Grant	Other	Not applicable
IDB Invest			4 892 965,93	519 798,36	Disbursed	ODA	Grant	Other	Not applicable
Specialised United Nations bodies			55 280 239,46	5 872 629,87
1. United Nations Development Program
2. United Nations Environment Program
3. Other			55 280 239,46	5 872 629,87
IFAD – International Fund for Agricultural Development			43 714 800,00	4 643 989,29	Disbursed	ODA	Grant	Other	Not applicable
FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization
UNFCCC – United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change			11 065 439,46	1 175 523,68	Disbursed	ODA	Grant	Other	Not applicable
IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change			500 000,00	53 116,90	Disbursed	ODA	Grant	Other	Not applicable

Table 7.9 Provision of public financial support: contribution through bilateral, regional and other channels in 2019.

Recipient country/region	Total amount (NOK)		Status	Funding source	Financial instrument	Type of support	Sector
	Climate-specific
	Norwegian krone	USD
Total	5 122 095 911,92	582 148 968,24
Angola	3 323 250,00	377 702,13	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	140 – Water and sanitation (1.02 NOK mill.); 151 – Government and civil society, general (0.64 NOK mill.); 430 – Other multisector (1.66 NOK mill.)
Angola	644 007,60	73 194,33	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	231 – Energy Policy
Burundi	2 402 753,96	273 083,67	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	311 – Agriculture (2.3 NOK mill.); 321 – Industry (0.11 NOK mill.)
Burundi	1 604 999,97	182 415,38	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	311 – Agriculture
Cameroon	1 123 333,20	127 671,81	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	410 – General environmental protection
Cameroon	566 024,67	64 331,22	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	151 – Government and civil society, general (0.12 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (0.45 NOK mill.)
Congo, Dem. Rep.	3 895 331,00	442 721,68	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	114 – Post-secondary education (1.03 NOK mill.); 311 – Agriculture (0.6 NOK mill.); 430 – Other multisector (2.26 NOK mill.)
Congo, Dem. Rep.	27 347 681,66	3 108 185,58	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	151 – Government and civil society, general (3.68 NOK mill.); 312 – Forestry (5.14 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (18.53 NOK mill.)
Congo, Dem. Rep.	885 046,00	100 589,41	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	410 – General environmental protection
Congo, Rep.	840 000,00	95 469,73	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	410 – General environmental protection
Egypt	22 901 628,00	2 602 871,82	Disbursed	OOF	PSI	Mitigation	232 – Energy generation, renewable sources
Ethiopia	99 866 038,64	11 350 219,20	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	112 – Basic education (0.77 NOK mill.); 114 – Post-secondary education (0.29 NOK mill.); 140 – Water and sanitation (3.66 NOK mill.); 151 – Government and civil society, general (0.12 NOK mill.); 240 – Banking and financial services (3.59 NOK mill.); 311 – Agriculture (6.77 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (0.25 NOK mill.); 430 – Other multisector (84.41 NOK mill.)
Ethiopia	215 386 654,60	24 479 650,69	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	231 – Energy Policy (0.02 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (215.37 NOK mill.)
Ethiopia	51 583 911,94	5 862 740,88	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	114 – Post-secondary education (4.17 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (31.97 NOK mill.); 430 – Other multisector (15.44 NOK mill.)
Gabon	763 333,20	86 756,21	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	410 – General environmental protection
Ghana	2 455 706,40	279 101,95	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	151 – Government and civil society, general (0.32 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (2.14 NOK mill.)
Ghana	114 279,60	12 988,38	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	321 – Industry
Kenya	6 691 861,20	760 559,77	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	311 – Agriculture (0.01 NOK mill.); 313 – Fishing (3.59 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (3.09 NOK mill.)
Kenya	92 950 289,60	10 564 213,58	Disbursed	ODA (2.85 NOK mill.); OOF (90.1 NOK mill.)	Grants (2.85 NOK mill.); PSI (90.1 NOK mill.)	Mitigation	140 – Water and sanitation (0.22 NOK mill.); 232 – Energy generation, renewable sources (90.1 NOK mill.); 321 – Industry (2.62 NOK mill.)
Kenya	3 008 841,52	341 968,21	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	311 – Agriculture
Liberia	468 552,42	53 253,07	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	111 – Education, level unspecified
Liberia	12 666 720,11	1 439 629,04	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	232 – Energy generation, renewable sources (0.44 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (12.23 NOK mill.)
Madagascar	637 825,20	72 491,67	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	311 – Agriculture (0.03 NOK mill.); 313 – Fishing (0.61 NOK mill.)
Madagascar	222 374,00	25 273,79	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	140 – Water and sanitation
Madagascar	6 070 177,03	689 902,60	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	311 – Agriculture (0.41 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (5.66 NOK mill.)
Malawi	9 468 024,15	1 076 083,03	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	111 – Education, level unspecified (0.24 NOK mill.); 311 – Agriculture (4.5 NOK mill.); 430 – Other multisector (4.73 NOK mill.)
Malawi	3 035 660,00	345 016,25	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	232 – Energy generation, renewable sources (1.12 NOK mill.); 311 – Agriculture (1.92 NOK mill.)
Malawi	16 475 274,85	1 872 488,22	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	311 – Agriculture
Mali	30 148 187,26	3 426 475,49	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	151 – Government and civil society, general (1.42 NOK mill.); 311 – Agriculture (26.59 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (2.14 NOK mill.)
Mali	684 478,80	77 794,06	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	232 – Energy generation, renewable sources
Mali	30 000 000,00	3 409 633,35	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	430 – Other multisector
Mozambique	26 817 988,78	3 047 983,63	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	160 – Other social infrastructure and services (19 NOK mill.); 311 – Agriculture (7.19 NOK mill.); 430 – Other multisector (0.63 NOK mill.)
Mozambique	23 186 994,60	2 635 305,00	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	231 – Energy Policy (22.33 NOK mill.); 321 – Industry (0.86 NOK mill.)
Mozambique	2 889 444,00	328 398,15	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	231 – Energy Policy
Niger	35 400 000,00	4 023 367,35	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	311 – Agriculture (14 NOK mill.); 430 – Other multisector (21.4 NOK mill.)
Niger	1 441 543,00	163 837,77	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	410 – General environmental protection
Nigeria	41 558 664,00	4 723 326,89	Disbursed	OOF	PSI	Mitigation	232 – Energy generation, renewable sources
Nigeria	22 296 502,00	2 534 096,56	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	231 – Energy Policy (1.3 NOK mill.); 311 – Agriculture (21 NOK mill.)
Somalia	13 999 980,66	1 591 160,03	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	140 – Water and sanitation (1 NOK mill.); 430 – Other multisector (9 NOK mill.); 720 – Emergency Response (4 NOK mill.)
South Africa	1 646 400,00	187 120,68	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	410 – General environmental protection
South Africa	35 505 771,00	4 035 388,70	Disbursed	OOF	PSI	Mitigation	232 – Energy generation, renewable sources
South Sudan	2 662 916,40	302 652,29	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	114 – Post-secondary education
Sudan	520 000,00	59 100,31	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	152 – Conflict prevention and resolution, peace and security
Sudan	1 605 000,00	182 415,38	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	140 – Water and sanitation
Tanzania	14 028 270,93	1 594 375,35	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	114 – Post-secondary education (2.64 NOK mill.); 311 – Agriculture (8.01 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (3.38 NOK mill.)
Tanzania	5 021 333,13	570 696,83	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	232 – Energy generation, renewable sources (4.61 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (0.41 NOK mill.)
Tanzania	7 676 135,90	872 426,97	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	311 – Agriculture (6.82 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (0.86 NOK mill.)
Togo	2 189 053,00	248 795,60	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	231 – Energy Policy
Uganda	3 549 489,20	403 415,23	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	114 – Post-secondary education (2.82 NOK mill.); 311 – Agriculture (0.73 NOK mill.)
Uganda	38 828 065,44	4 412 982,23	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	151 – Government and civil society, general (16 NOK mill.); 231 – Energy Policy (7.21 NOK mill.); 232 – Energy generation, renewable sources (8.36 NOK mill.); 236 – Heating, cooling and energy distribution (6.85 NOK mill.); 311 – Agriculture (0.18 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (0.23 NOK mill.)
Uganda	8 287 062,16	941 861,45	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	114 – Post-secondary education (4.86 NOK mill.); 311 – Agriculture (2.53 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (0.9 NOK mill.)
Zambia	511 584,60	58 143,86	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	311 – Agriculture (0.26 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (0.25 NOK mill.)
Zambia	3 478 241,60	395 317,62	Disbursed	ODA (0.24 NOK mill.); OOF (3.24 NOK mill.)	Grants (0.24 NOK mill.); PSI (3.24 NOK mill.)	Mitigation	232 – Energy generation, renewable sources (0.24 NOK mill.); 232 – Energy generation, renewable sources (3.24 NOK mill.)
Zambia	1 163 648,00	132 253,77	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	311 – Agriculture
Zimbabwe	683 072,40	77 634,21	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	311 – Agriculture
Bolivia	895 084,12	101 730,29	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	311 – Agriculture (0.63 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (0.26 NOK mill.)
Brazil	74 120 425,44	8 424 115,82	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	140 – Water and sanitation (0.28 NOK mill.); 151 – Government and civil society, general (7.23 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (66.61 NOK mill.)
Brazil	1 058 193,24	120 268,36	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross- cutting	410 – General environmental protection
Colombia	226 026,00	25 688,86	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	313 – Fishing (0.08 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (0.1 NOK mill.); 430 – Other multisector (0.05 NOK mill.)
Colombia	221 382 797,83	25 161 139,02	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	410 – General environmental protection
Colombia	6 836 964,75	777 051,43	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	151 – Government and civil society, general (1.55 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (5.29 NOK mill.)
Ecuador	113 428 711,00	12 891 677,20	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	410 – General environmental protection
Ecuador	35 000,00	3 977,91	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	151 – Government and civil society, general
Guatemala	6 999 999,76	795 581,09	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	430 – Other multisector
Guyana	415 164 974,66	47 185 344,79	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	410 – General environmental protection
Haiti	1 006 010,00	114 337,51	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	140 – Water and sanitation
Honduras	133 155 449,00	15 133 708,66	Disbursed	OOF	PSI	Mitigation	232 – Energy generation, renewable sources
Jamaica	19 200,00	2 182,17	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	410 – General environmental protection
Nicaragua	1 018 432,00	115 749,32	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	113 – Secondary education
Panama	1 451 296,00	164 946,24	Disbursed	OOF	PSI	Mitigation	232 – Energy generation, renewable sources
Paraguay	232 000,00	26 367,83	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	151 – Government and civil society, general
Peru	55 271 189,56	6 281 816,38	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	151 – Government and civil society, general (6.33 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (48.94 NOK mill.)
Peru	9 000 000,00	1 022 890,01	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	410 – General environmental protection
Afghanistan	1 711 999,97	194 576,41	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	140 – Water and sanitation
Afghanistan	2 637 643,65	299 779,93	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	311 – Agriculture
Bangladesh	189 104,80	21 492,60	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	250 – Business and other services (0.18 NOK mill.); 311 – Agriculture (0.01 NOK mill.)
Bangladesh	211 201,20	24 003,95	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	122 – Basic health (0.15 NOK mill.); 311 – Agriculture (0.06 NOK mill.)
Bangladesh	96 774,40	10 998,84	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	112 – Basic education
Cambodia	761 209,64	86 514,86	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	140 – Water and sanitation (0.05 NOK mill.); 311 – Agriculture (0.64 NOK mill.); 430 – Other multisector (0.07 NOK mill.)
Cambodia	801 905,02	91 140,07	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	151 – Government and civil society, general (0.08 NOK mill.); 152 – Conflict prevention and resolution, peace and security (0.08 NOK mill.); 311 – Agriculture (0.46 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (0.19 NOK mill.)
China	1 923 142,80	218 573,73	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	313 – Fishing (0.81 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (1.11 NOK mill.)
China	29 015 582,88	3 297 749,97	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	160 – Other social infrastructure and services (0.92 NOK mill.); 231 – Energy Policy (0.2 NOK mill.); 250 – Business and other services (0.61 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (15.26 NOK mill.); 430 – Other multisector (12.02 NOK mill.)
China	2 062 960,00	234 464,57	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross- cutting	410 – General environmental protection
Georgia	12 853 134,96	1 460 815,92	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	231 – Energy Policy (11 NOK mill.); 232 – Energy generation, renewable sources (1.85 NOK mill.)
India	6 216 895,45	706 577,80	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	250 – Business and other services (0.15 NOK mill.); 311 – Agriculture (0.08 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (5.8 NOK mill.); 430 – Other multisector (0.18 NOK mill.)
India	9 544 715,40	1 084 799,33	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	410 – General environmental protection
India	31 033 821,06	3 527 131,71	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	151 – Government and civil society, general (0.31 NOK mill.); 321 – Industry (0.71 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (1.02 NOK mill.); 430 – Other multisector (29 NOK mill.)
Indonesia	335 002 954,75	38 074 574,90	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	151 – Government and civil society, general (7.42 NOK mill.); 232 – Energy generation, renewable sources (0.68 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (326.91 NOK mill.)
Indonesia	7 546 472,80	857 690,18	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	410 – General environmental protection
Laos	943 402,00	107 221,83	Disbursed	ODA (0.11 NOK mill.); OOF (0.83 NOK mill.)	Grants (0.11 NOK mill.); PSI (0.83 NOK mill.)	Mitigation	232 – Energy generation, renewable sources (0.83 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (0.11 NOK mill.)
Malaysia	110 000,00	12 501,99	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	410 – General environmental protection
Myanmar	104 879,00	11 919,96	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	232 – Energy generation, renewable sources
Myanmar	31 809 918,86	3 615 338,67	Disbursed	ODA (20.58 NOK mill.); OOF (11.23 NOK mill.)	Grants (20.58 NOK mill.); PSI (11.23 NOK mill.)	Mitigation	151 – Government and civil society, general (0.71 NOK mill.); 231 – Energy Policy (6.01 NOK mill.); 232 – Energy generation, renewable sources (11.23 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (13.86 NOK mill.)
Nepal	9 841 855,29	1 118 570,60	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	114 – Post-secondary education (0.74 NOK mill.); 151 – Government and civil society, general (1.67 NOK mill.); 311 – Agriculture (0.82 NOK mill.); 430 – Other multisector (6.61 NOK mill.)
Nepal	28 335 883,20	3 220 499,08	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	231 – Energy Policy (7.2 NOK mill.); 232 – Energy generation, renewable sources (0.86 NOK mill.); 236 – Heating, cooling and energy distribution (20.28 NOK mill.)
Pakistan	1 230 499,98	139 851,79	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	140 – Water and sanitation
Sri Lanka	1 009 082,80	114 686,75	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	151 – Government and civil society, general (0.25 NOK mill.); 313 – Fishing (0.06 NOK mill.); 430 – Other multisector (0.7 NOK mill.)
Sri Lanka	1 978 917,28	224 912,75	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	231 – Energy Policy (1.18 NOK mill.); 232 – Energy generation, renewable sources (0.8 NOK mill.)
Thailand	106 666,80	12 123,16	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	410 – General environmental protection
Viet Nam	5 436 058,44	617 832,21	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	111 – Education, level unspecified (0.58 NOK mill.); 114 – Post-secondary education (2.25 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (2.6 NOK mill.)
Viet Nam	4 902 401,39	557 179,71	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	232 – Energy generation, renewable sources (0.68 NOK mill.); 240 – Banking and financial services (0.27 NOK mill.); 311 – Agriculture (0.8 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (3.16 NOK mill.)
Global Unspecified	110 454 989,25	12 553 700,50	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	140 – Water and sanitation (1.6 NOK mill.); 311 – Agriculture (15.2 NOK mill.); 313 – Fishing (12.54 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (20.4 NOK mill.); 430 – Other multisector (60.2 NOK mill.); 740 – Disaster prevention and preparedness (0.51 NOK mill.)
Global Unspecified	1 547 763 469,24	175 910 198,13	Disbursed	ODA (1340.66 NOK mill.); OOF (207.1 NOK mill.)	Grants (1340.66 NOK mill.); PSI (207.1 NOK mill.)	Mitigation	140 – Water and sanitation (0.11 NOK mill.); 151 – Government and civil society, general (27.64 NOK mill.); 231 – Energy Policy (272.76 NOK mill.); 231 – Energy Policy (37.93 NOK mill.); 232 – Energy generation, renewable sources (70.75 NOK mill.); 232 – Energy generation, renewable sources (169.17 NOK mill.); 321 – Industry (0.56 NOK mill.); 322 – Mineral resources/ mining (0.01 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (964.63 NOK mill.); 430 – Other multisector (1.6 NOK mill.); 998 – Unallocated/unspecified (2.6 NOK mill.)
Global Unspecified	219 031 531,87	24 893 907,20	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	112 – Basic education (0.56 NOK mill.); 151 – Government and civil society, general (2.89 NOK mill.); 312 – Forestry (0.58 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (214.79 NOK mill.); 720 – Emergency Response (0.21 NOK mill.)
Papua New Guinea	9 608 000,00	1 091 991,91	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	151 – Government and civil society, general (4.38 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (5.22 NOK mill.)
Jordan	1 449 000,00	164 685,29	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	410 – General environmental protection
Lebanon	1 520 000,00	172 754,76	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	313 – Fishing
Palestine	8 000 000,00	909 235,56	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	232 – Energy generation, renewable sources
Africa Regional	26 150 000,00	2 972 063,74	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	111 – Education, level unspecified (1.55 NOK mill.); 430 – Other multisector (24.6 NOK mill.)
Africa Regional	64 505 319,00	7 331 316,23	Disbursed	ODA (62 NOK mill.); OOF (2.51 NOK mill.)	Grants (62 NOK mill.); PSI (2.51 NOK mill.)	Mitigation	232 – Energy generation, renewable sources (62 NOK mill.); 232 – Energy generation, renewable sources (2.51 NOK mill.)
Eastern Africa, regional	1 488 000,00	169 117,81	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	311 – Agriculture
Eastern Africa, regional	44 000 000,00	5 000 795,58	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	236 – Heating, cooling and energy distribution
Middle Africa regional	400 000 000,00	45 461 778,01	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	410 – General environmental protection
South of Sahara Regional	12 628 595,76	1 435 296,04	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	430 – Other multisector (4.63 NOK mill.); 740 – Disaster prevention and preparedness (8 NOK mill.)
South of Sahara Regional	45 447 776,00	5 165 341,76	Disbursed	ODA (0.55 NOK mill.); OOF (44.9 NOK mill.)	Grants (0.55 NOK mill.); PSI (44.9 NOK mill.)	Mitigation	231 – Energy Policy (10.92 NOK mill.); 232 – Energy generation, renewable sources (0.55 NOK mill.); 232 – Energy generation, renewable sources (31.49 NOK mill.); 250 – Business and other services (2.49 NOK mill.)
South of Sahara Regional	1 743 269,06	198 130,28	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	311 – Agriculture
Western Africa regional	7 416 667,00	842 937,17	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	311 – Agriculture (7 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (0.42 NOK mill.)
America Regional	1 690 576,00	192 141,48	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	410 – General environmental protection
America Regional	110 000,00	12 501,99	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	410 – General environmental protection
Caribbean & Central America, regional	10 000 000,00	1 136 544,45	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	740 – Disaster prevention and preparedness
Caribbean & Central America, regional	3 662 802,00	416 293,73	Disbursed	OOF	PSI	Mitigation	232 – Energy generation, renewable sources
South America Regional	15 559 527,70	1 768 409,49	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	410 – General environmental protection
Asia Regional	11 366 640,00	1 291 869,16	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	430 – Other multisector
Asia Regional	40 777 015,00	4 634 489,01	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	231 – Energy Policy (0.81 NOK mill.); 232 – Energy generation, renewable sources (30 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (9.96 NOK mill.)
Asia Regional	10 136 941,27	1 152 108,43	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	410 – General environmental protection
Central Asia Regional	3 800 000,00	431 886,89	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	160 – Other social infrastructure and services
Far East Asia Regional	5 310 395,84	603 550,09	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	151 – Government and civil society, general
South Asia Regional	532 406,40	60 510,35	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	410 – General environmental protection
Europe Regional	1 042 746,00	118 512,72	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	151 – Government and civil society, general
Oceania Regional	5 000 000,00	568 272,23	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	231 – Energy Policy

Table 7.10 Provision of public financial support: contribution through bilateral, regional and other channels in 2020.

Recipient country/region	Total amount (NOK)		Status	Funding source	Financial instrument	Type of support	Sector
	Climate-specific
	Norwegian krone	USD
Total	4 607 094 050,04	489 429 104,88
Angola	4 012 500,00	426 263,12	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	410 – General environmental protection
Angola	132 252,80	14 049,72	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	231 – Energy Policy
Cameroon	594 921,25	63 200,74	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	410 – General environmental protection
Cameroon	522 118,48	55 466,63	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	151 – Government and civil society, general (0.11 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (0.41 NOK mill.)
Congo, Dem. Rep.	7 524 946,52	799 403,66	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	114 – Post-secondary education (0.71 NOK mill.); 140 – Water and sanitation (4 NOK mill.); 311 – Agriculture (0.54 NOK mill.); 430 – Other multisector (2.28 NOK mill.)
Congo, Dem. Rep.	22 098 786,44	2 347 638,04	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	151 – Government and civil society, general (2.88 NOK mill.); 312 – Forestry (4.86 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (14.36 NOK mill.)
Congo, Dem. Rep.	938 969,49	99 750,30	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	410 – General environmental protection
Congo, Rep.	1 055 998,76	112 182,76	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	410 – General environmental protection
Egypt	924 151,00	98 176,07	Disbursed	OOF	PSI	Mitigation	232 – Energy generation, renewable sources
Ethiopia	116 293 217,94	12 354 270,38	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	112 – Basic education (1.64 NOK mill.); 114 – Post-secondary education (0.81 NOK mill.); 140 – Water and sanitation (0.18 NOK mill.); 151 – Government and civil society, general (0.11 NOK mill.); 240 – Banking and financial services (3.56 NOK mill.); 311 – Agriculture (10.73 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (0.22 NOK mill.); 430 – Other multisector (99.06 NOK mill.)
Ethiopia	171 412 563,00	18 209 807,82	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	410 – General environmental protection
Ethiopia	51 854 953,73	5 508 748,75	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	114 – Post-secondary education (3 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (37.61 NOK mill.); 430 – Other multisector (11.24 NOK mill.)
Gabon	659 895,12	70 103,17	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	410 – General environmental protection
Ghana	1 265 909,60	134 482,39	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	410 – General environmental protection
Ghana	354 252,00	37 633,54	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	321 – Industry
Kenya	4 130 817,73	438 832,46	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	313 – Fishing (1.04 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (3.09 NOK mill.)
Kenya	54 341 441,60	5 772 897,80	Disbursed	ODA (0.89 NOK mill.); OOF (53.46 NOK mill.)	Grants (0.89 NOK mill.); PSI (53.46 NOK mill.)	Mitigation	232 – Energy generation, renewable sources (53.46 NOK mill.); 321 – Industry (0.89 NOK mill.)
Kenya	3 056 352,16	324 687,90	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	311 – Agriculture (2.73 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (0.33 NOK mill.)
Liberia	115 091 257,78	12 226 581,59	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	232 – Energy generation, renewable sources (0.56 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (114.53 NOK mill.)
Madagascar	1 462 863,60	155 405,56	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	313 – Fishing
Madagascar	5 840 517,20	620 460,33	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	311 – Agriculture (0.31 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (5.53 NOK mill.)
Malawi	31 609 693,61	3 358 017,85	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	311 – Agriculture (18.9 NOK mill.); 430 – Other multisector (12.71 NOK mill.)
Malawi	4 175 032,00	443 529,51	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	232 – Energy generation, renewable sources (0.58 NOK mill.); 311 – Agriculture (3.6 NOK mill.)
Mali	28 592 845,02	3 037 526,56	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	311 – Agriculture (26.07 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (2.52 NOK mill.)
Mali	939 273,60	99 782,60	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	232 – Energy generation, renewable sources
Mali	7 312 317,00	776 815,22	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	430 – Other multisector
Mozambique	28 405 434,01	3 017 617,18	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	151 – Government and civil society, general (3.87 NOK mill.); 311 – Agriculture (13.91 NOK mill.); 430 – Other multisector (10.62 NOK mill.)
Mozambique	3 236 923,60	343 870,69	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	231 – Energy Policy (1.91 NOK mill.); 321 – Industry (1.1 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (0.23 NOK mill.)
Mozambique	2 940 511,54	312 381,71	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	231 – Energy Policy
Niger	42 934 792,80	4 561 126,16	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	151 – Government and civil society, general (5.93 NOK mill.); 311 – Agriculture (14 NOK mill.); 430 – Other multisector (23 NOK mill.)
Niger	1 365 474,42	145 059,54	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	410 – General environmental protection
Nigeria	8 837 850,00	938 878,38	Disbursed	OOF	PSI	Mitigation	232 – Energy generation, renewable sources
Nigeria	22 279 374,80	2 366 822,63	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	231 – Energy Policy (1.28 NOK mill.); 311 – Agriculture (21 NOK mill.)
Somalia	11 266 597,93	1 196 893,50	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	140 – Water and sanitation (2.6 NOK mill.); 430 – Other multisector (8.66 NOK mill.)
South Africa	612 280,00	65 044,83	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	410 – General environmental protection
South Africa	18 491 132,00	1 964 383,21	Disbursed	OOF	PSI	Mitigation	232 – Energy generation, renewable sources
South Sudan	12 000 000,00	1 274 805,59	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	311 – Agriculture
South Sudan	320 875,60	34 087,83	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	114 – Post-secondary education
Tanzania	11 781 647,80	1 251 609,21	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	114 – Post-secondary education (0.36 NOK mill.); 311 – Agriculture (9.42 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (2 NOK mill.)
Tanzania	1 647 408,28	175 010,44	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	232 – Energy generation, renewable sources
Tanzania	9 400 150,14	998 613,66	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	240 – Banking and financial services (0.07 NOK mill.); 311 – Agriculture (3.97 NOK mill.); 312 – Forestry (0.31 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (5.05 NOK mill.)
Togo	2 155 113,66	228 945,91	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	231 – Energy Policy
Uganda	9 354 787,40	993 794,61	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	114 – Post-secondary education (0.63 NOK mill.); 151 – Government and civil society, general (8 NOK mill.); 311 – Agriculture (0.72 NOK mill.)
Uganda	12 249 533,20	1 301 314,45	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	231 – Energy Policy (7.21 NOK mill.); 232 – Energy generation, renewable sources (4.02 NOK mill.); 236 – Heating, cooling and energy distribution (0.74 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (0.27 NOK mill.)
Uganda	9 182 444,03	975 485,92	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	114 – Post-secondary education (5.19 NOK mill.); 311 – Agriculture (2.83 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (1.16 NOK mill.)
Zambia	818 880,00	86 992,73	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	311 – Agriculture (0.62 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (0.2 NOK mill.)
Zambia	635 604,00	67 522,63	Disbursed	OOF	PSI	Mitigation	232 – Energy generation, renewable sources
Zambia	989 577,48	105 126,57	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	311 – Agriculture
Zimbabwe	194 580,00	20 670,97	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	311 – Agriculture
Bolivia	590 868,44	62 770,20	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	311 – Agriculture (0.42 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (0.17 NOK mill.)
Brazil	104 841 571,26	11 137 718,44	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	140 – Water and sanitation (0.21 NOK mill.); 151 – Government and civil society, general (21.94 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (82.69 NOK mill.)
Brazil	685 861,45	72 861,67	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	410 – General environmental protection
Colombia	213 748,73	22 707,34	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	313 – Fishing (0.07 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (0.09 NOK mill.); 430 – Other multisector (0.05 NOK mill.)
Colombia	90 345 097,15	9 597 702,92	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	312 – Forestry (4.68 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (85.67 NOK mill.)
Colombia	29 601 007,20	3 144 627,46	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	151 – Government and civil society, general (1.6 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (28 NOK mill.)
Ecuador	1 069 974,00	113 667,40	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	410 – General environmental protection
Guatemala	6 969 664,67	740 413,96	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	430 – Other multisector
Guyana	22 566 046,12	2 397 276,82	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	410 – General environmental protection
Haiti	10 496 950,80	1 115 130,97	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	140 – Water and sanitation (1.5 NOK mill.); 430 – Other multisector (9 NOK mill.)
Haiti	7 120 000,00	756 384,65	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	232 – Energy generation, renewable sources (1.52 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (5.6 NOK mill.)
Nicaragua	1 009 025,60	107 192,62	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	113 – Secondary education
Panama	1 451 296,00	154 176,69	Disbursed	OOF	PSI	Mitigation	232 – Energy generation, renewable sources
Peru	57 502 055,06	6 108 661,78	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	151 – Government and civil society, general (10.08 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (47.42 NOK mill.)
Peru	12 481 892,40	1 325 998,85	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	312 – Forestry
Afghanistan	12 972 262,80	1 378 092,76	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	140 – Water and sanitation (10.37 NOK mill.); 152 – Conflict prevention and resolution, peace and security (2.6 NOK mill.)
Afghanistan	594 309,60	63 135,77	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	311 – Agriculture
Afghanistan	3 763 838,00	399 846,81	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	311 – Agriculture
Armenia	2 000 000,00	212 467,60	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	231 – Energy Policy
Azerbaijan	2 000 000,00	212 467,60	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	231 – Energy Policy
Bangladesh	6 014 991,20	638 995,37	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	232 – Energy generation, renewable sources
Cambodia	444 281,06	47 197,66	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	140 – Water and sanitation (0.06 NOK mill.); 311 – Agriculture (0.39 NOK mill.)
Cambodia	821 705,73	87 292,92	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	151 – Government and civil society, general (0.08 NOK mill.); 152 – Conflict prevention and resolution, peace and security (0.08 NOK mill.); 311 – Agriculture (0.46 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (0.2 NOK mill.)
China	955 939,20	101 553,05	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	313 – Fishing
China	39 348 277,62	4 180 117,03	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	160 – Other social infrastructure and services (0.81 NOK mill.); 231 – Energy Policy (1.12 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (25.69 NOK mill.); 430 – Other multisector (11.72 NOK mill.)
China	1 598 578,00	169 823,01	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	410 – General environmental protection
Georgia	2 289 325,22	243 203,72	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	232 – Energy generation, renewable sources
India	6 860 178,80	728 782,86	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	410 – General environmental protection (6.67 NOK mill.); 430 – Other multisector (0.19 NOK mill.)
India	3 641 996,40	386 903,11	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	410 – General environmental protection
India	8 804 290,97	935 313,28	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	151 – Government and civil society, general (0.24 NOK mill.); 321 – Industry (0.55 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (0.79 NOK mill.); 430 – Other multisector (7.22 NOK mill.)
Indonesia	127 825,74	13 579,41	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	430 – Other multisector
Indonesia	450 872 175,10	47 897 864,18	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	151 – Government and civil society, general (9.54 NOK mill.); 232 – Energy generation, renewable sources (0.38 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (440.94 NOK mill.)
Indonesia	26 088 742,40	2 771 506,23	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	410 – General environmental protection
Laos	1 953 993,00	207 580,10	Disbursed	ODA (0.72 NOK mill.); OOF (1.23 NOK mill.)	Grants (0.72 NOK mill.); PSI (1.23 NOK mill.)	Mitigation	232 – Energy generation, renewable sources (1.23 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (0.72 NOK mill.)
Malaysia	594 921,25	63 200,74	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	410 – General environmental protection
Myanmar	47 965 734,89	5 095 582,26	Disbursed	ODA (24.6 NOK mill.); OOF (23.36 NOK mill.)	Grants (24.6 NOK mill.); PSI (23.36 NOK mill.)	Mitigation	151 – Government and civil society, general (1.5 NOK mill.); 231 – Energy Policy (5.48 NOK mill.); 232 – Energy generation, renewable sources (23.36 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (17.63 NOK mill.)
Myanmar	5 822 923,00	618 591,23	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	410 – General environmental protection
Nepal	9 273 549,03	985 164,35	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	114 – Post-secondary education (0.31 NOK mill.); 151 – Government and civil society, general (1.67 NOK mill.); 311 – Agriculture (0.71 NOK mill.); 430 – Other multisector (6.58 NOK mill.)
Nepal	27 494 755,60	2 920 872,35	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	231 – Energy Policy (1.23 NOK mill.); 236 – Heating, cooling and energy distribution (26.26 NOK mill.)
Pakistan	3 719 503,40	395 136,98	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	140 – Water and sanitation (1.68 NOK mill.); 152 – Conflict prevention and resolution, peace and security (1.61 NOK mill.); 430 – Other multisector (0.43 NOK mill.)
Pakistan	74 219,20	7 884,59	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	140 – Water and sanitation
Sri Lanka	930 389,59	98 838,82	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	151 – Government and civil society, general (0.28 NOK mill.); 313 – Fishing (0.45 NOK mill.); 430 – Other multisector (0.2 NOK mill.)
Sri Lanka	1 101 306,23	116 995,95	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	231 – Energy Policy
Tajikistan	7 621 038,40	809 611,86	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	236 – Heating, cooling and energy distribution
Thailand	366 599,49	38 945,26	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	410 – General environmental protection
Viet Nam	369 765,00	39 281,54	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	114 – Post-secondary education
Viet Nam	6 308 937,21	670 222,37	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	232 – Energy generation, renewable sources (3.42 NOK mill.); 240 – Banking and financial services (0.22 NOK mill.); 311 – Agriculture (0.57 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (2.1 NOK mill.)
Global Unspecified	208 606 392,40	22 161 049,63	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	121 – Health, general (13.6 NOK mill.); 151 – Government and civil society, general (0.7 NOK mill.); 311 – Agriculture (32 NOK mill.); 313 – Fishing (8.03 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (19.75 NOK mill.); 430 – Other multisector (128.94 NOK mill.); 720 – Emergency Response (0.1 NOK mill.); 740 – Disaster prevention and preparedness (5.5 NOK mill.)
Global Unspecified	1 427 373 251,12	151 635 283,55	Disbursed	ODA (1180.52 NOK mill.); OOF (246.85 NOK mill.)	Grants (1180.52 NOK mill.); PSI (246.85 NOK mill.)	Mitigation	151 – Government and civil society, general (36.08 NOK mill.); 231 – Energy Policy (172.08 NOK mill.); 231 – Energy Policy (40.61 NOK mill.); 232 – Energy generation, renewable sources (40 NOK mill.); 232 – Energy generation, renewable sources (206.24 NOK mill.); 321 – Industry (0.56 NOK mill.); 322 – Mineral resources/ mining (1.16 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (925.65 NOK mill.); 720 – Emergency Response (2.4 NOK mill.); 998 – Unallocated/unspecified (2.6 NOK mill.)
Global Unspecified	246 110 222,10	26 145 223,95	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	151 – Government and civil society, general (2.78 NOK mill.); 250 – Business and other services (0.2 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (200.94 NOK mill.); 720 – Emergency Response (42.2 NOK mill.)
Papua New Guinea	8 538 201,59	907 045,59	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	151 – Government and civil society, general (3.86 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (4.68 NOK mill.)
Jordan	2 000 000,00	212 467,60	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	410 – General environmental protection
Lebanon	1 280 000,00	135 979,26	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	313 – Fishing
Africa Regional	27 454 427,60	2 916 588,15	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	111 – Education, level unspecified (4.93 NOK mill.); 430 – Other multisector (22.52 NOK mill.)
Africa Regional	131 405 958,00	13 959 754,17	Disbursed	ODA (40 NOK mill.); OOF (91.41 NOK mill.)	Grants (40 NOK mill.); PSI (91.41 NOK mill.)	Mitigation	231 – Energy Policy (10.69 NOK mill.); 232 – Energy generation, renewable sources (40 NOK mill.); 232 – Energy generation, renewable sources (80.71 NOK mill.)
Africa Regional	120 466,05	12 797,57	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	410 – General environmental protection
Eastern Africa, regional	4 720 069,20	501 430,88	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	250 – Business and other services (0.03 NOK mill.); 311 – Agriculture (4.69 NOK mill.)
Eastern Africa, regional	25 910 716,40	2 752 593,85	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	140 – Water and sanitation (0.91 NOK mill.); 236 – Heating, cooling and energy distribution (25 NOK mill.)
Middle Africa regional	400 000 000,00	42 493 519,74	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	410 – General environmental protection
South of Sahara Regional	12 980 917,00	1 379 012,13	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	430 – Other multisector (3.78 NOK mill.); 720 – Emergency Response (3.2 NOK mill.); 740 – Disaster prevention and preparedness (6 NOK mill.)
South of Sahara Regional	50 418 973,00	5 356 199,06	Disbursed	OOF	PSI	Mitigation	231 – Energy Policy (7.59 NOK mill.); 232 – Energy generation, renewable sources (42.83 NOK mill.)
South of Sahara Regional	1 158 560,50	123 078,28	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	311 – Agriculture
Western Africa regional	8 352 806,56	887 350,38	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	311 – Agriculture (8.31 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (0.05 NOK mill.)
America Regional	1 573 691,00	167 179,17	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	410 – General environmental protection
Caribbean & Central America, regional	2 651 818,00	281 712,70	Disbursed	OOF	PSI	Mitigation	232 – Energy generation, renewable sources
South America Regional	6 552 536,94	696 100,89	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	410 – General environmental protection
Asia Regional	6 015 373,00	639 035,93	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	311 – Agriculture (0.02 NOK mill.); 313 – Fishing (4 NOK mill.); 430 – Other multisector (2 NOK mill.)
Asia Regional	50 229 232,00	5 336 042,15	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	231 – Energy Policy (2.04 NOK mill.); 232 – Energy generation, renewable sources (2 NOK mill.); 410 – General environmental protection (46.19 NOK mill.)
Asia Regional	10 124 170,40	1 075 529,09	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	410 – General environmental protection
Far East Asia Regional	5 801 329,00	616 297,22	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	151 – Government and civil society, general
South & Central Asia Regional	81 401 370,00	8 647 576,81	Disbursed	OOF	PSI	Mitigation	231 – Energy Policy
South Asia Regional	566 416,00	60 172,52	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Adaptation	250 – Business and other services (0.43 NOK mill.); 311 – Agriculture (0.14 NOK mill.)
South Asia Regional	193 149,67	20 519,02	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	410 – General environmental protection
Europe Regional	513 770,40	54 579,78	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	151 – Government and civil society, general
Oceania Regional	5 000 000,00	531 169,00	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Mitigation	231 – Energy Policy
Oceania Regional	3 000 000,00	318 701,40	Disbursed	ODA	Grants	Cross-cutting	114 – Post-secondary education

7.1.6 Bilateral cooperation in selected countries

Below follows a description of Norwegian cooperation with a selection of countries. The examples are referring to 2019 and 2020.

7.1.6.1 Ethiopia

Norway has an extensive collaboration with Ethiopia on forestry, landscape restoration, agriculture, food security, environment and climate change, and the funding from the Embassy in Addis Ababa was over NOK 605 million in the period 2019–2020. The funds support Ethiopia in implementing their green development plan and in order to achieve the sustainable development goals.

A majority of the funds goes to support Government of Ethiopia to roll out large national programmes within agriculture and forestry, both focusing on improving the livelihood of small-scale farmers and rehabilitating large areas of land. At the end of 2020, this had resulted in 440 000 ha natural forest protected due to participatory forest management, and 600 000 ha of land restored, including planting of new forest. More than 557 921 households received land use right certificates, providing farming households with security and incentives to develop and protect their land holdings. Institutional cooperation between Ethiopian universities and universities abroad had in 2020 supported 117 MSc and PhD students involved in watershed management, agroforestry, climate smart agriculture, renewable energy sources and crop and livestock production.

7.1.6.2 Malawi

Norwegian support to Malawi for agriculture, food security and environment was NOK 74.7 million in 2020. The main support in this area was through a multi-donor trust fund with the World Bank. With this joint support, the Malawian Ministry of Agriculture were able to provide guidance to 81 444 farmers in climate adapted farming methods with a focus on climate change adaptation. Norway is also supporting civil society organizations that enables small holder farmers to become more food secure, increased their nutritional status by crop and livestock diversification and increased their income. Support to build capacity to teach and to carry out research on different climate challenges affecting Malawi was, and still is, a key part of Norwegian support to the Lilongwe University of Agriculture & Natural Resources (LUANAR). In addition, Norway supported feasibility studies for a hydroelectric project in southern Malawi. The dam will have the potential to generate a total of 350 megawatts and is expected to commence in 2023. The hydroelectric power plant is estimated to supply electricity to approximately 2 million people, and avoid emissions of 520 000 tonnes of CO₂ per year.

7.1.6.3 Tanzania

Norway’s climate related support to Tanzania has been for projects on REDD+ and REDD readiness through the Vice President’s office. This includes capacity building for carbon monitoring and carbon project registry through the National Carbon Monitoring Centre. Support has also been given to Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania (SAGCOT) to promote agriculture productivity through climate smart practices and support for developing alternative livelihoods for forest dwellers and sustainable timber production through the Eastern Arc Mountains Conservation Endowment Fund (EAMCEF). The Agricultural council of Tanzania has in the past been supported to finance extension services to farmers that will enable them to adopt climate smart agricultural practices.

7.1.7 The Government of Norway´s International Climate and Forest Initiative

Norway’s International Climate and Forest Initiative (NICFI) supports global efforts that reduce greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries (REDD+). Forest and land use emissions are estimated to account for about 10 per cent of global net anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. It represents an even bigger part of the near term potential solution by simultaneously halting forest loss and restoring forest lands. Forest and land use emissions are a necessary part of the solution of the ambitious target of the Paris-Agreement of limiting the global warming to below 2 degrees Celsius. This is also among the most cost-effective ways to mitigate climate change, and contributes to most of the sustainable development goals.

From 2008 through 2020 Norway had disbursed NOK 31 billion through NICFI, and is committed to continue allocating NOK 3 billion a year. These funds are used to pay for verified emission reductions in partner countries, to finance efforts to build up global and national REDD frameworks, build satellite technology to monitor global forests in real time, and to support civil society and indigenous peoples around the world. See table below for details of the disbursements.

7.1.7.1 Transparency, civil society and private sector

Since 2009 NICFI has contributed to a technology revolution that provides completely new opportunities for monitoring the forest. Satellite pictures have improved massively, and pictures are made available more frequently, and open to the public. The Global Forest Watch website is developed with support from Norway, providing forest countries with free data on forests, deforestation over time, forest fires etc. It is also a key priority to support the countries’ own forest monitoring systems, so that they can better manage their resources.

Access to information otherwise has increased and improved the framework conditions for civil society and indigenous peoples organisations. With the support of NICFI, they can report on illegalities, thus imposing responsibility for both authorities and private actors. Law enforcement institutions have furthermore received training of by UN and INTERPOL.

Civil society organisations received over NOK 500 million from NICFI yearly in 2019–2020. Between 2013–2015 42 civil society actors received support. Priority areas were sustainable landscapes, sustainable commodity supply chains, analysis and knowledge production and global consensus on REDD+. A new portfolio of organisations was selected in 2015 through a call for proposals for the period 2016–2020. Priority areas are transparency, deforestation free supply chains, indigenous peoples and global consensus on REDD+.

NICFI aims at developing innovative models for public-private cooperation. An example of this is the fund &Green, established in 2017. The fund will promote deforestation-free business models by absorbing private sector risks as well as encouraging individual jurisdictions to raise their standards to qualify for &Green financing. Norway has disbursed a total of NOK 500 million to the fund. Meeting places between public and private sectors for deforestation supply chains are established through, among others, the Tropical Forest Alliance and the Business and Sustainable Development Commission, established with the support of Norway’s Ministry of Climate and Environment.

7.1.7.2 Bilateral partnerships

In 2008 Norway pledged to contribute up to USD 1 billion to the Amazon Fund in Brazil until 2015, if Brazil could show that deforestation in the Amazon went down. From 2008 to 2014, Brazil reduced deforestation in the Amazon by around 60 per cent. Based on these results, by the end of 2015 Norway fulfilled its 2008-commitment to contribute USD 1 billion to the Brazilian Amazon Fund in recognition of Brazil’s massive reductions of deforestation in its Amazon region. Since 2015 the deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon has increased. Norway only pays Brazil when it reduces deforestation.

At the climate summit in Paris in 2015, Colombia, Germany, Norway and the UK announced a partnership76to protect Colombia’s rainforest, at the summit in Glasgow 2021 it was extended up to 2025. Colombia will implement an ambitious package of cross-sectoral actions and strengthened self-governance of ethnic territories to reduce deforestation and promote sustainable development. To support that commitment, Germany, Norway and the United Kingdom will contribute close to USD 300 million through the REM-program, primarily through results-based payments for reduced deforestation. From 2016–2019 Norway has paid Colombia NOK 300 million through the REM-program, rewarding 7.5 mill. tons of reduced emissions from deforestation in Colombia’s Amazon rainforest.

In 2014, Peru, Germany and Norway entered into a partnership to support Peru’s efforts in reducing greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in the Peruvian Amazon. In 2021, this collaboration was extended up to 2025, and the United States and the United Kingdom joined the partnership. Norway is committed to support Peru’s efforts with up to NOK 1 800 million – more than USD 200 million, up to 2025. Of this, up to NOK 1 500 million are payments for reduced deforestation, certified by the third-party standard Architecture for REDD+ Transactions.

Norway and Guyana signed a climate and forest partnership in November 2009. Norway has fulfilled the pledge of paying Guyana a total of NOK 1.5 billion, of which 1.2 billion for a total of 34.7 million tons of verified emission reductions. Most of the contribution is channelled through the Guyana REDD+ Investment Fund (GRIF), administered by the World Bank. Guyana spends the money on projects to realise Guyana’s low carbon development strategy.

In 2010, Norway signed a partnership with Indonesia to support the country’s efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation, forest degradation and the destruction of peat with up to 1 billion USD. Norway has so far disbursed almost NOK 1 billion to climate and forest efforts in Indonesia. Indonesia has made substantial policy changes in the partnership period, e.g. by adopting a moratorium on the destruction of forests on peat lands, and has had a massive reduction in deforestation.

In 2012, Norway entered into a climate- and forest agreement with Vietnam. The agreement includes a support of 180 million to strengthen Vietnam’s capacity to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from forests, strengthen sustainable forest management in six pilot provinces, and contributing to increased collaboration with neighbouring countries to combat illegal logging and trade in timber. Norway disbursed NOK 189 million to Vietnam through the UNDP and UN REDD, until the partnership ended in 2018.

In 2013 Norway and Ethiopia entered into an agreement to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and increase the uptake of carbon in forests. Norway has pledged to support REDD+ efforts in Ethiopia with up to USD 20 million yearly, depending on progress and results. The agreement builds on a broader climate cooperation signed during the UN climate summit in Durban in 2011. Ethiopia has designed a REDD+ strategy, developed a framework for safeguards, and invested in institution building and a system for monitoring and reporting carbon emission from deforestation. Ethiopia is now implementing concrete projects to reduce deforestation, restore forest and enhance the legal framework in the forest sector. Through 2020 Norway has disbursed about NOK 850 million to Ethiopia under the partnership.

In 2014 Liberia and Norway entered into a partnership with the aim of facilitating green growth through emphasize on community forests, sustainable forest management and the development of a “deforestation free” agricultural sector. Norway will support Liberia’s efforts with up to NOK 1 billion, including supporting improved management and enhancing sustainable economic activities in priority forest landscapes, delivering multiple benefits such as resilient livelihoods, income generating activities, and emissions reductions. An innovative public private model is developed for deforestation free palm oil, through using public funds to support project development and leverage private investments for community outgrowers, in return for multi-party commitment to protect natural forest. Through 2020 Norway has disbursed about NOK 400 million under the partnership with Liberia.

The Congo Basin is the world’s second largest rainforest. Central African Forest Initiative (CAFI) was established in 2015. CAFI‘s77 goals are to recognize and preserve the value of the forests in the region to mitigate climate change, reduce poverty, and contribute to sustainable development. CAFI is the largest international collaboration to protect the Congo Basin. It consists of six Central African countries (DRC, Republic of Congo, Gabon, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea and the Central African Republic), five donors (UK, France, Germany, EU and Norway) and international organisations (UN and the World Bank). In 2016, CAFI and the Minister of Finance of the DR Congo signed a letter of intent (LOI) for 200 million US dollars to address deforestation and forest degradation in the country and to promote sustainable development. This LOI78 is the first signed between CAFI and a country of the Central Africa region, and the largest one ever concluded on REDD+ in Africa. In 2019 Gabin signed a results-based payment agreement worth USD 150 million with CAFI. CAFI is the main channel for Norwegian support to the Congo basin forests, through 2020 NOK 2 billion has been channelled through CAFI. In addition Norway supports civil society organisations and multilateral initiatives that operate in the region.

7.1.7.3 Multilateral collaboration

The UN-REDD Programme is the United Nations Collaborative Initiative on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) in developing countries. The Programme was launched in 2008 and builds on the convening role and technical expertise of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The UN-REDD Programme supports nationally led REDD+ processes and promotes the informed and meaningful involvement of all stakeholders, including indigenous peoples and other forest-dependent communities, in national and international REDD+ implementation. For the period 2017 through 2020, the contributions totalled NOK 370 million.

The Readiness Fund of the World Bank’s Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) supports tropical and sub-tropical developing countries in preparing themselves to participate in a future, large-scale, system of positive incentives for REDD+. This includes: adopting national REDD+ strategies; developing reference emission levels (RELs); designing measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV) systems; and setting up REDD+ national management arrangements, including proper environmental and social safeguards. For the period 2013 through 2016, Norway contributed NOK 252 million.

The Carbon Fund of the World Bank’s Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF). Countries that have made significant progress in their REDD+ readiness endeavours may be selected to participate in the Carbon Fund, through which they can receive results-based payments for verified emmission reductions. The Carbon Fund’s payments are intended to provide an incentive to the recipient countries and the various stakeholders – including forest-dependent indigenous peoples, other forest dwellers or the private sector – within each of these countries, to achieve long-term sustainability in financing forest conservation and management programs. This would help reduce the negative impact on the global climate from the loss and impoverishment of forests. For the period 2017 through 2020, Norway contributed NOK 590 million to the Carbon Fund, which concluded the Norwegian contribution to FCPF.

Table 7.11 Disbursements from Norway’s International Climate and Forest Initiative (NICFI).

NICFI disbursements (1000 NOK)	2020	2008–2020
Brazil	53 416	8 467 803
Indonesia	410 170	1 943 296
Guyana	9 989	1 485 210
Colombia	87 728	696 462
Ecuador	0	173 469
Tanzania	4 879	385 406
Vietnam	0	189 000
Ethiopia	201 860	847 400
Peru	35 657	171 535
Liberia	105 000	409 008
Congo Basin*	400 000	2 686 306
Civil Society and indigenous peoples	590 509	3 622 983
Green economy initiatives	12 330	184 770
Public-private79 initiatives	182 859	1 010 797
UN-REDD program	136 535	1 941 211
FCPF – Readiness and Carbon fund	0	2 856 621
BioCarbon Fund (T3 and +)	0	805 350
The Green Climate Fund	300 000	380 000
FIP	0	855 000
Other	517 721	2 847 799
Total	3 048 653	31 400 653
Administration80	102 031	868 287

*Central African Forest Initiative (CAFI) from 2015. Before: Congo Basin Forest Fund (CBFF), CARPE

7.1.8 Norwegian earmarked support to adaptation

In 2020, USD 67 million in earmarked support was targeting climate change adaptation only (14 per cent of total earmarked support), and USD 50 million was cross-cutting support (10 per cent of total earmarked support). When focusing on total earmarked adaptation financing81 (without excluding cross-cutting support), the earmarked adaptation support amounted to USD 96 million in 2019 and USD 107 million in 2020.

This earmarked support for adaptation includes climate smart agriculture and food security, strengthening resilience and early warning systems. In 2020, the four largest areas for our earmarked climate adaptation support was Other multisector (NOK 363 million), General environmental protection (NOK 309 million), Agriculture (NOK 182 million) and Government and civil society (NOK 24 million).

Africa received the largest share of this support, about 46 per cent of the total adaptation support in 2020. Among countries, Ethiopia, Niger and Mali received the highest amount of funding for climate change adaptation in 2020.

A large part of Norway’s support for adaptation, however, is core support to multilateral institutions, amongst others the Adaptation fund and the GCF. As specified in section 7.1.3. we do not report climate specific multilateral core support to adaptation.

In line with the mandate of the GCF, about half of Norway’s support to the GCF, NOK 1 400 million in the period 2019–2020, will go to adaptation with a floor of 50 per cent of the adaptation allocation for particularly vulnerable countries. Support to the GEF and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) also includes adaptation to climate change.

While a large part of total Norwegian climate finance is allocated to REDD+ and renewable energy programmes, both of which are classified as mitigation, several REDD projects may have strong adaptation components, since forest conservation in many cases will increase climate change resilience.

Below are some examples of measures and programmes that Norway supports, and which are relevant to adaptation:

7.1.8.1 UNISDR / UNDRR

Norway supported the 2016–2019 work programme of UNs disaster risk reduction agency UNISDR with NOK 25 million (USD 3.0 million) in 2019 and UNDRR 2021–2022 work program with NOK 42 million (USD 5.1 million) in 2020. UNDRR (former UNISDR) oversees the implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, supporting countries in its implementation, monitoring and sharing what works in reducing existing risk and preventing the creation of new risk. UNDRR also works to foster coherence between the Sendai Framework and the Paris Agreement. UNDRR’s vision is a substantial reduction of disaster losses and risk for a sustainable future.

7.1.8.2 Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR)

Norway supported the World Bank’s Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery with an annual contribution of NOK 30 million (USD 3.6 million) in 2019 and multiannual contribution for 2020–2025 with NOK 50 million (USD 6.1 million) in 2020. GFDRR is a global partnership that supports developing countries better understand and reduce their vulnerability to natural hazards and climate change. GFDRR contributes to the implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction by helping countries to integrate disaster risk management and climate change adaptation into development strategies and investment programmes and recover from disasters quickly and effectively.

7.1.8.3 International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD)

Norway has supported ICIMOD’s work aiming at improved well-being for the people of the Hindu Kush Himalayas from eight countries. The funds cover Core Support and support to two Regional Programmes. One is focusing on transboundary River Basins and the Cryosphere. The second one Climate Adaption and Disaster Risk Reduction, including support for monitoring air pollution (black carbon). This includes pilot projects like the pilot on Resilient Mountain Villages in Kavre, Nepal that has been implemented in 8 villages, with 1089 households and 83 per cent women participants. The approach has been a basis for the Government of Nepal’s climate smart villages programme, which is to be implemented in 14 districts and 116 villages.

7.1.8.4 Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS)

Norway has since 2011 supported GFCS programmes on improving the quality and availability of climate services in Africa. GFCS provides basic data on climate and hydrology that are important to avert immediate loss and damage, but it is also an important planning tool for infrastructure investment, agriculture and energy. It has aimed at increasing the resilience of people most vulnerable to the impacts of weather and climate-related hazards. Norway’s support has since 2013 targeted support to Tanzania and Malawi in four areas: 1. Strengthened capacity of national hydromet agencies to provide climate services; 2. Strengthened use of climate information to vulnerable communities for food security and livelihoods; 3. Strengthened capacity of health professionals to use climate information for public heath preparedness and resilience to climate related health risks; and 4. Increased use of climate and weather information by vulnerable communities to improve disaster risk reduction in vulnerable communities.

7.1.9 Norwegian Assistance to Renewable Energy

Norway has been supporting renewable energy projects in developing countries for many years. The funds are primarily used to support the generation of renewable energy, access to energy, including clean cooking, building of transmission and distribution systems, establishment of power pools and strengthening of institutions and increased capacity in the energy sector.

In 2020, Norwegian support to renewable energy amounted to USD 150 million (NOK 1 409 million), of which USD 77 million (NOK 729 million) was ODA and USD 72 million (NOK 680 million) was Norfund’s investments (Other official flows). Renewable energy support reported as climate financing amounted to USD 101 million (NOK 952 million).

Of the total ODA support to renewable energy sectors, Africa received 43 per cent and Asia 22 per cent, whereas 34 per cent was distributed globally through multilateral and regional organisations and initiatives, civil society and commercial development. Furthermore, Norfund – which serves as the commercial investment instrument of Norway’s development policy – invested NOK 680 million in renewable energy in 2020. Not all these projects are climate spesific.

The focus in Norway’s development cooperation on renewable energy has been measures that facilitate private and commercial investments, especially in generation of renewable energy. Key areas are policy dialogue and cooperation on reform, legislation, institution-building, planning and regional cooperation. Based on the private investments in new generation, access to electricity has been supported through development support to the extension of the grid as well as support to off grid solutions. Norfund is the primary vehicle to support large-scale projects for generation of renewable energy.

The only way to overcome the major challenges of ensuring global access to electricity services is to accelerate investment in long-term solutions making use of the renewable energy resources available in each country. Norway aims at leveraging funds for the reduction of energy poverty. Public and donor funds are not alone able to finance the significant amounts needed to boost energy sector development; thus, Norwegian assistance for clean energy uses public sources to mobilise and incentivise commercial investment that lead to increased energy access and energy efficiency. Only by including the private sector is it realistic for renewable energy to become an important tool in the fight against global climate change.

Some examples from bilateral and multilateral partnerships follow below:

7.1.9.1 Bilateral partnerships

Mozambique

Norway has been a partner to the energy sector in Mozambique for more than 40 years. Norway provides funding to technical assistance, development of legal and regulatory framework, mobilising of private investments and energy access. The Contributions for 2019 and 2020 were NOK 119 million and NOK 66 million, respectively. Through a World Bank multi-donor fund, Norway contributed to 18 000 connections in 2020, supplying 90 000 people. The 40 MW Mocuba power plant, where Norway supported transmission infrastructure, had its first year of full operation in 2020 and generated appr. 70 GWh, contributing to CO₂ emission reductions.

Nepal

Norway has supported Nepal’s electricity sector for almost 60 years. The Contributions for 2019 and 2020 were NOK 73 million and NOK 71 million, respectively. Through the collaboration with the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Government of Nepal, Norway has contributed to 301 km of transmission lines, which facilitates hydropower development. This collaboration has also contributed to 692 km of distribution network and 22 substations between 2011 and 2020. Norway has also contributed to capacity building in the hydropower sector through university and research cooperation and through the International Finance Corporation (IFC).

7.1.9.2 Multilateral partnerships

IRENA (The International Renewable Energy Agency)

Norway has been an active member of IRENA, the leading global centre of excellence on renewable energy, since its establishment. In addition to Norway’s core assessed contribution, there has been a voluntary contribution of NOK 59 million between 2017–2020 to IRENA’s Work Programme and Budget.

Climate Investment Funds (CIF, World Bank)

Norway was active in the design and consultation process leading up to the establishment in 2008 of the umbrella framework for climate funds, the Climate Investment Funds (CIF) hosted by the World Bank. SREP contributes to energy transition. Norway has contributed NOK 802 million (2010–2018) to SREP (Scaling up Renewable Energy in Low Income Countries). Ongoing projects have started to deliver results, including electricity production of 167 of the expected 3 778 GWh per year and reduced CO₂ emissions of 235 of the expected 2.8 million tonnes per year.

Sustainable Energy Fund for Africa (SEFA)

Norway has contributed NOK 125 million to the African Bank’s Sustainable Energy Fund (SEFA) in 2017–2022. In 2020, SEFA contributed to developing renewable energy in Africa corresponding to 21 MW and 40 600 tonnes of CO₂ reductions. SEFA contributed to energy access for 30 000 households. SEFA also contributed to more than 4 000 new jobs in Africa. With funds from SEFA, AfDB created the covid-19 “Off-Grid Recovery Platform”, which assists companies with loans so that they could maintain their business through the pandemic.

The Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP)

Norway contributed 11.3 per cent of the financing (NOK 360 million) of the World Bank’s programme for support to governance and capacity building in the energy sector (ESMAP) in 2017–2020. ESMAP has catalysed energy investments and loans through the World Bank, contributing to electricity access for nine million people by 2019/2020. In Uganda, the sale of over 64 000 efficient stoves contributed to a 30 per cent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, i.e. 35 754 tonnes of CO₂ annually.

Clean Energy Financing Partnership Facility (Asian Development Bank)

Norway contributed in total NOK 92 million in 2017–2020 to the Clean Energy Fund under the Clean Energy Financing Partnership Facility, which aims at improving energy security and decrease the rate of climate change in ADB developing member countries through clean energy development.

Energising Development (EnDev)

Norway is one of the contributors to the partnership Energising Development (EnDev), which has reached 23.8 million people with modern energy services since 2005. Corresponding annual CO₂ emission reductions by 2020 are 2.39 million tons, mostly through improved cook-stoves. The majority of EnDev’s activities targets least developed countries and Sub-Saharan Africa. Norway’s contribution to EnDev was NOK 140 million in 2017–2020.

International Centre for Hydropower (ICH)

The Norwegian-based International Centre for Hydropower (ICH) has members from the hydropower industry as well as Norwegian public institutions. ICH contributes to capacity building in sustainable hydropower in emerging markets and developing countries through courses and training.

Enterprise Development for Jobs

The Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad) manages the Enterprise Development for Jobs (EDFJ) support scheme. EDFJ provides project development support and guarantee subsidies for renewable energy projects. In 2019 and 2020, EDFJ contributes to developing more projects towards financial close. Two examples are the 150 MW Sukkur (construction phase) solar power project in Pakistan and the 206 MW Ruzizi III project (planning phase) on the border between Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DC).

7.2 Technology development and transfer

Transfer of technology and expertise in order to promote development, availability and efficiency of energy constitutes an important element of ODA and has significant environmental co-benefits that are consistent with the promotion of the Convention on Climate Change. In addition, Norway supports a wide range of technology transfer efforts, of which a few are described in more detail below. Norway considers the Global Energy Transfer Feed-in Tariff pilot programme to be a success story related to technology transfer, see chapter 6.7 of the Biennial Report. Norway has no information to report on failure stories related to technology transfer. For information on steps taken to support development and enhancement of endogenous capacities and technologies of developing countries, see chapter 6.6 of the BR. For tabular information on provision of technology development and transfer support, see table A3-24 in the BR.

7.2.1 Support to the Technology mechanism

The Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN) is the operational arm of the technology mechanism under the UN’s Framework Convention on Climate Change and serving the Paris Agreement. Norway has since the establishment of the CTCN been a major donor. In addition, come in-kind contributions in the form of membership in the Advisory Board over several periods. The Centre promotes the accelerated transfer of environmentally sound technologies for low carbon and climate resilient development at the request of developing countries. Over 100 requests from developing countries have been/are in the process of receiving technical assistance to provide technology solutions, capacity building and advice on policy, legal and regulatory frameworks tailored to the needs of individual countries.

7.2.2 Private Finance Advisory Network (PFAN, UNIDO)

Private Finance Advisory Network (PFAN) is a multilateral cooperative activity that identifies and nurtures promising, innovative clean and renewable energy projects by bridging the gap between investors, clean energy entrepreneurs and project developers. PFAN is one of few actors in the climate finance field addressing the barriers for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries and emerging economies, by leveraging private sector investment with a small amount of public funds. PFAN was developed by the Climate and Technology Initiative established at the first Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC in 1995 under an implementing agreement with the International Energy Agency. UNIDO and REEEP have taken over the hosting of the PFAN initiative.

7.2.3 The Clean Energy Ministerial

Norway is a member of the Clean Energy Ministerial (CEM). CEM is a high-level global forum for promotion of policies and programmes that advances clean energy technology, for sharing lessons learned and best practices, and for encouraging the transition to a global clean energy economy. Initiatives are based on areas of common interest among participating governments and other stakeholders. The CEM focuses on three global climate and energy policy goals: Improving energy efficiency worldwide; Enhancing clean energy supply and; Expanding clean energy access

The main object is to improve policies and enhance deployment of clean energy technologies. Focused dialogue can accelerate the global clean energy transition. CEM initiatives focus on empowering energy decision-makers around the world with the up-to-date information and tools they need to improve the policy environment for clean energy. This low-cost, high-impact technical work also facilitates international coordination that amplifies each government’s clean energy deployment efforts.

Norway provides funding for the CEM Secretariat, The CEM CCUS Initiative and CEM Hydrogen Initiative.

7.2.4 Mission Innovation

Norway has participated in Mission Innovation since the start of the initiative in November 2015. Today, 22 countries and the European Union participate in the initiative. Mission Innovation aims to reinvigorate and accelerate public and private global clean energy innovation with the objective to make clean energy widely affordable. Each participating country will seek to double its governmental and/or state-directed clean energy R&D investment over five years. New investments will be focused on transformational clean energy technology innovations that can be scalable to varying economic and energy market conditions that exist in the participating countries and in the broader world.

The goal under Mission Innovation was to double the already considerable public resources devoted to developing and demonstrating clean energy technologies and solutions from 2015 to 2020. This means increased efforts on renewable energy technologies, energy efficiency and carbon capture and storage. Important stakeholders will be the Research Council of Norway (RCN), Enova, Gassnova, as well as energy research institutions and the private sector. In 2019 the number was increased to NOK 387.7 million from a baseline of NOK 128.7 million (2015).

Norway has always given high priority to the development, use and deployment of environmentally sound technologies. Mission Innovation will put the world on a faster route to the point where we can secure energy access for all, while at the same time curbing global emissions of greenhouse gases.

In 2021 Mission Innovation was renewed for a five-year period. Building on the success of the first phase and recognising the vital need for clean energy investment to accelerate innovation, each Member seeks to sustain, and wherever possible increase investment in clean energy research, development and demonstrations over the second phase. Members will accelerate innovation through strengthened international cooperation in areas of mutual interest. Members will actively participate in at least one major Mission Innovation initiative, through a demonstrable leadership role in either a Mission or the Innovation Platform, identifying opportunities to bring resources to support the delivery of common goals and sharing knowledge. Members will also support coordination through their engagement with other clean energy alliances and initiatives.

7.2.5 International support and activities related to carbon capture and storage

Both the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change have pointed out that CO₂capture and storage (CCS) will be an important mitigation tool. In order for CCS to become a viable mitigation tool, countries and companies need to invest in technology development and demonstration of CO₂ capture and storage projects.

International cooperation on developing and commercialising new technology is also essential. Norway therefore provides funding for CCS projects abroad in cooperation with other countries and through existing programmes and institutions.

Norway is participating actively in a range of regional and international initiatives. For example, Norway is involved in the North Sea Basin Task Force, the World Bank CCS Capacity Building Trust Fund, the Zero Emission Platform (the European Technology Platform for Zero Emission Fossil Fuel Power Plants (ZEP)) and the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum and Clean Energy Ministerial CCUS Initiative. Norway is also working with international organisations like the International Energy Agency (IEA).

Below follow a few examples of our support.

7.2.5.1 The Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum

The Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF) has 23 member states including China, India, South Africa, Mexico, the Republic of Korea, Brazil, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates; and is today one of the most important arenas for promoting CO₂ capture and storage. The CLSF has a policy group and a technical group. The CSLF has established a capacity building fund, to which Norway has contributed NOK 5 million. This Fund has been transferred to Clean Energy Ministerial CCUS Initiative. It funds membership of developing countries membership fees and, where appropriate, travel costs for participation in meetings.

7.2.5.2 CO₂ Technology Centre Mongstad (TCM)

The Technology Centre Mongstad (TCM) is the world’s largest facility for testing and improving CO₂ capture technologies. TCM has been operating since 2012, providing an arena for targeted development, testing and qualification of CO₂ capture technologies on an industrial scale. It is a collaborative project between the Norwegian Government, Statoil, Shell and Total.

TCM helps to spread knowledge about CO₂ capture by presenting results at international conferences, receiving visitors from around the world and releasing publications in professional forums.

In addition to cooperation within the partnership and with technology providers, TCM is working actively to establish cooperation with companies and institutions involved in the development of CO₂ capture technology.

TCM has also taken the initiative to form a global knowledge-sharing network for large test centres for CO₂ capture. TCM’s initiative is important as international cooperation and information exchange will ensure faster progress in the CCS field.

7.3 Capacity building

Many of the elements already reported in this chapter of the Seventh national Communication, which has focused on ODA, also facilitate transfer of technology and capacity building.

Capacity building is part of most of the examples given under adaptation or bilateral support above. For information on capacity-building support that responds to existing and emerging capacity-building needs identified by non-Annex I Parties, see chapter 6.6 of the Biennial Report.

7.3.1 UNFCCC Secretariat

Norway has contributed substantial amounts of supplementary funding to the UNFCCC Secretariat for activities not covered by the core budget and for developing country participation in the process. Over the last few years, Norway has been one of the largest contributors in absolute figures. In 2019 and 2020, Norway allocated NOK 31.2 million (USD 3.5 million) and NOK 21.1 million (USD 2.2 million) respectively82.

7.3.2 Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS)

Norway is contributing to building institutional capacity of small island states through the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) for its members to engage effectively in the major global development processes within the UN, the implementation of the 2030 agenda and the follow-up of the Paris agreement on climate change. Norway’s contribution was NOK 3,5 million in 2019 (USD 0.37 million) and NOK 10 million (USD 1.2 million) in 2020.

7.3.3 Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants (CCAC)

Norway became a member of the CCAC in 2012, and contributed NOK 15 million in the period 2019–20 to the CCAC trust fund. The funding went to support the CCAC-secretariat, and programs and initiatives working to reduce emissions of short-lived climate pollutants in developing countries. This helps protect the climate and improve air quality and includes co-benefits which promote development and protect public health. CCAC launched a new 2030-strategy in 2021, and is also a core implementing partner of the Global Methane Pledge.

7.3.4 The Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

Norway has consistently supported the work of the IPCC and developing country participation therein. For 2019 and 2020 a total of NOK 13.5 million were transferred to the IPCC Trust Fund.

7.3.5 The UN Partnership for Action on the Green Economy (PAGE)

PAGE supports nations and regions reframing economic policies and practices around sustainability. Norway has supported PAGE with a total of NOK 49 million between 2017 and 2020.

7.3.6 The Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI)

GGGI is an inter-governmental organisation dedicated to supporting and promoting strong, inclusive and sustainable economic growth in developing countries and emerging economies. Norway’s total support to The Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) amounted to NOK 71 million and NOK 89 million in 2019 and 2020, respectively.

7.3.7 Fossil fuel subsidies reform. Global Subsidies Initiative.

Norway takes part in the Friends of Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform (FFFSR), an informal group of non-G20 countries aiming to build political consensus on the importance of fossil fuel subsidy reform. The FFFSR works closely with the Global Subsidies Initiative (GSI) within the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD). GSI is dedicated to analysing subsidies and how they support or undermine efforts to achieve sustainable development. It provides analytical and administrative support to the FFFSR and promotes fossil fuel subsidy reform internationally – including SWAPS, where countries implement fossil fuel subsidy reform and allocate savings from reform toward sustainable energy and development (e.g. renewables, energy efficiency and public transport). Norway’s contribution to the Global Subsidies Initiative was NOK 10 million in the period 2019–2021.

Footnotes

76.

https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/norway-and-colombia-join-forces-to-protect-rainforest/id2422635/

77.

http://www.cafi.org/

78.

https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/departementene/kld/kos/drc/letterofintent_drc_cafi.pdf

79.

https://www.regjeringen.no/no/tema/klima-og-miljo/klima/klima--og-skogsatsingen/kos-innsikt/regnskogen-og-naringslivet/id2345594/

80.

https://www.regjeringen.no/no/tema/klima-og-miljo/klima/klima--og-skogsatsingen/kos-innsikt/klima--og-skogsatsingens-ansatte/id734275/

81.

There are discrepancies between total earmarked adaptation support and the sum of adaptation and cross-cutting. This is because cross-cutting activities may have different scores (principal/significant) on the two Rio markers, and therefore different coefficients are applied 100/40 when calculating climate financing.

82.

Of the core funding to the UNFCCC Secretariat i 2019 and 2020, NOK 16.2 million and NOK 11.1 million was reported as ODA.

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Norway’s Eighth National Communication

7 Financial resources and transfer of technology, including information under articles 10 and 11 of the Kyoto Protocol

7.1 Finance

7.1.1 Provision of ‘new and additional’ financial resources

Table 7.1 Provision of public financial support, 2019–2020.

7.1.2 Assistance to developing country Parties that are particularly vulnerable to climate change

7.1.3 Provision of financial resources, including financial resources under Article 11 of the Kyoto Protocol

7.1.3.1 Measuring public climate finance

Earmarked contributions

Multilateral core contributions

Table 7.2 Provision of public financial support: summary information in 2019.

Table 7.3

Table 7.4 Provision of public financial support: summary information in 2020.

Table 7.5

Table 7.6 Provision of public financial support: contribution through multilateral channels in 2019.

7.1.5 Core contributions to multilateral institutions

7.1.5.1 Global Environment Facility

7.1.5.2 The Green Climate Fund

7.1.5.3 Adaptation Fund

7.1.5.4 Earmarked contributions

Table 7.7 Provision of public financial support: contribution through multilateral channels in 2020.

Table 7.9 Provision of public financial support: contribution through bilateral, regional and other channels in 2019.

Table 7.10 Provision of public financial support: contribution through bilateral, regional and other channels in 2020.

7.1.6 Bilateral cooperation in selected countries

7.1.6.1 Ethiopia

7.1.6.2 Malawi

7.1.6.3 Tanzania

7.1.7 The Government of Norway´s International Climate and Forest Initiative

7.1.7.1 Transparency, civil society and private sector

7.1.7.2 Bilateral partnerships

7.1.7.3 Multilateral collaboration

Table 7.11 Disbursements from Norway’s International Climate and Forest Initiative (NICFI).

7.1.8 Norwegian earmarked support to adaptation

7.1.8.1 UNISDR / UNDRR

7.1.8.2 Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR)

7.1.8.3 International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD)

7.1.8.4 Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS)

7.1.9 Norwegian Assistance to Renewable Energy

7.1.9.1 Bilateral partnerships

Mozambique

Nepal

7.1.9.2 Multilateral partnerships

IRENA (The International Renewable Energy Agency)

Climate Investment Funds (CIF, World Bank)

Sustainable Energy Fund for Africa (SEFA)

The Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP)

Clean Energy Financing Partnership Facility (Asian Development Bank)

Energising Development (EnDev)

International Centre for Hydropower (ICH)

Enterprise Development for Jobs

7.2 Technology development and transfer

7.2.1 Support to the Technology mechanism

7.2.2 Private Finance Advisory Network (PFAN, UNIDO)

7.2.3 The Clean Energy Ministerial

7.2.4 Mission Innovation

7.2.5 International support and activities related to carbon capture and storage

7.2.5.1 The Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum

7.2.5.2 CO2 Technology Centre Mongstad (TCM)

7.3 Capacity building

7.3.1 UNFCCC Secretariat

7.3.2 Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS)

7.3.3 Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants (CCAC)

7.3.4 The Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

7.3.5 The UN Partnership for Action on the Green Economy (PAGE)

7.3.6 The Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI)

7.3.7 Fossil fuel subsidies reform. Global Subsidies Initiative.

Footnotes

7.2.5.2 CO₂ Technology Centre Mongstad (TCM)